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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— BULLETIN No. 46. 

D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. 



^1"/ 



THE MILK SUPPLY 



TWO HUNDRED CITIES AND TOWNS. 



HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., 

CHIEF OF DAIRY DIVISION, 



R. A. PEARSON, M. S., 

ASSISTANT CHIEF OF DAIRY DIVISION. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1903, 



o 



r ^ 



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^1 



HTTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



United States Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Animal Industry, 

^Y^uUngton, D. C, May 15, 1903. 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript dealing 

with ail phases of the milk supply of two hundred cities and towns in 

the United States, and recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 

46 of the series of this Bureau. 

Respectfulh-, 

D. E. Salmon, 

Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. jAMiis Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

Dv.— l.S. 



^^Si,,«« 



PREFATORY STATEMENT. 



This report upon "The milk supply of 200 cities and towns" is very 
largely the work of Mr. R. A. Pearson, the Assistant Chief of the 
Dairy Division prior to September last. 

If the full statistics of the market milk industry could be given, the 
importance of this form of dairying would be better appreciated. It 
is not known how many persons are actually engaged in the produc- 
tion, transportation, and sale of milk for market. Based upon the 
Twelfth Census of the United States, about 1,000,000,000 gallons of 
milk are sold annually by the owners of the producing cows, for con- 
sumption in the natural state or for household purposes. The value 
of this product, joined with the capital invested in production, trans- 
portation, distribution, a'nd delivery, constitutes an interest of great 
magnitude. 

The business is also one of interest and importance to a vast army 
of consumers. It is not surprising, therefore, to find so much atten- 
tion being given to the improvement of this branch of dairying. A 
knowledge of what has already been accomplished and what is now 
being done to promote this good work should contribute to further 
progress. It is with that view that the facts included in the accom- 
panying report have been collected and compiled. 

Henky E. Alvord, 

Chief of Dairy Division. 



CONTENTS 



Page. 

Introduction 9 

Statistics and general information 11 

Milk laws and ordinances 15 

8ui)ervision of the production and handling of market milk 19 

Suggestions for the improvement of market milk 24 

Tal)les showing the statistics of milk supply and supervision 26 

Short statements regarding the milk supply of cities and towns 44 

App'ENnix I. Municipal laws and ordinances 105 

II. A milk dealer's rules 181 

III. Milk connnission rules - 182 

IV. Blank forms - - 187 



CATALOGUE OF CITIES. 



[Including all of the 161 cities in tlie United States having a population over 25,000 each, also 39 
selected cities and towns of smaller size.] 



States and cities, population, and page reference to discussion of dairy data. 
[Populations are according to the Twelfth Census.] 



States and cities. 



Alabama: 

Mobile 

Birmingham 

Montgomery 

Arizona 

Arkansas: 

Little Rock 

California: 

San Francisco . . . 

Los Angeles 

Oakland 

Sacramento 

San .Jose 

Alameda 

Colorado: 

Denver 

Pueblo 

Colorado Springs 

Trinidad 

Co:inecticut: 

New Haven 

Hartford 

Bridgeport 

Waterbury 

New Britain 

Delaware: 

Wilmington 

District of Columbia: 

Washington 

Florida: 

Jacksonville 

Georgia: 

Atlanta 

Savannah 

Augusta 

Hawaii: 

Honolulu 

Idaho 

Illinois: 

Chicago 

Peoria 

Quincy 

6 



Popula- 
tion. 



38, 469 
38, 415 
30, 346 



38, 307 

342, 782 
102,479 
66, 960 
29, 282 
21,500 
16, 464 

133,859 
28, 157 
21,085 
5, 345 

108, 027 
79, 850 
70, 996 
45, 859 
25, 998 

76, 508 

278, 718 

28, 429 

89, 872 
64,244 
39, 441 

39, 306 



, 698, .575 
.56, 100 
36, 252 



Page. 



States and cities. 



Illinois— Continued 

Springfield 

Rockford 

East St. Louis. .. 

Joliet 

Aurora 

Evanston 

Moline 

Ottawa 

Indiana: 

Indianapolis ... 

Evansville 

Fort Wayne 

Terre Haute 

South Bend 

Richmond 

Iowa: 

Des Moines 

Dubuque 

Davenport 

Siou.x City 

Council Bluffs.. 

Cedar Rapids... 

Burlington 

Clinton 

Ottumwa 

Keokuk 

Marshalltown . . 
Kansas: 

Kansas City 

Topeka 

Kentucky: 

Louisville 

Covington 

Newport 

Le-xington 

Louisiana: 

New Orleans 

Maine: 

Portland 

Lewiston 

Waterville 

Beltast 



Popula- 
tion. 



34, 
31, 
29, 
29, 
24, 
19, 
17, 
10, 

169, 

.59, 
45, 
36, 
35, 
18, 

62, 
36, 
35, 
33, 
25, 
25. 
23, 
22 
18, 
14, 
11, 

51, 
33, 

204, 
42, 
28, 
26, 



CATALOGUE OF CITIES. 7 

States mid cities, popidaiion, and page reference to di'icussion of dainj data — Continued. 



States and cities. 



Maryland: 

Baltimore 

Massachusetts: 

Boston 

Worcester 

Fall River , 

Lowell 

Cambridge 

Lynn 

Lawrence 

New Bedford 

Springfield 

Soraerville 

Holyoke 

Brockton 

Haverhill 

Salem 

Chelsea 

Maiden 

Kevvton 

Fitchburg 

Taunton 

Gloucester 

North Adams 

Woburn 

Melrose 

Wakefield 

North Attleboro . 
Michigan: 

Detroit 

Grand Rapids ... 

Saginaw 

Bay City 

Jackson 

Battlecreek 

Lansing 

Minne.sota: 

Minneapolis 

St. Paul 

Duluth 

Mississippi 

Missouri: 

St. Louis 

Kansas City o 

St. Joseph 

Joplin 

Montana: 

Butte 

Nebraska: 

Omaha 

Lincoln 

South Omaha . . . 

Nevada 

New Hampshire: 

Manchester 



Popula- 
tion. 



508, 957 

560, 892 
118, 421 
104,863 
94, 659 
91,886 
68, 513 
62, 559 
62, 442 
62, 059 
61, 643 
45,712 
40, 063 
37, 175 
35, 956 
34, 072 
33, 664 
33, 587 
31, 531 
31,036 
26, 121 
24, 200 
14, 254 
12, 962 
9,290 
7, 2.53 

285, 704 
87, 565 
42, 345 
27, 628 
25, 180 
18, 563 
16, 485 

202, 718 

163,065 

52, 909 



575, 238 

215, 170 

102,979 

26, 023 

30,470 

102,5.J5 
40,109 
26,001 



56, 987 
"Includ 



100 
101 
101 
101 
102 
102 
103 

103 
104 
105 
106 

106 
107 
108 
108 



109 
110 
110 
HI 

111 
ing Kan 



States and cities. 



New Jersey: 

Newark 

Jersey City 

Paterson 

Camden 

Trenton 

Hoboken 

Elizabeth 

Bayonne 

Atlantic City . . 

Pas.saic 

New Brunswick 

Montclair 

New Mexico 

New York: 

New York 

BuflCalo 

Rochester 

Syracuse 

Albany 

Troy (and Lansingburg) 

Utica 

Yonkers 

Binghamton 

Elmira 

Schenectady 

Auburn 

Watertown 

Mount Vernon 

Lockport 

Rome 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio: 

Cleveland 

Cincinnati 

Toledo 

Columbus .• . . 

Dayton 

Youngstown 

Akron 

Springfield 

Canton 

Hamilton 

Warren 

Fostoria 

Oklahoma 

Oregon: 

Portland 

Penn.sylvania: 

Philadelphia 

Pittsburg 

Allegheny 

Scran ton 

Reading 

sas City, Kans. 



Popula- 
tion. 



246, 070 
206, 433 
105, 171 
75, 935 
73, 307 
59, 364 
52, 130 
32, 772 
27,838 
27, 777 
20, OOC) 
13, 962 



3, 437, 202 
3.52, 387 
162, 608 
108, 374 
94, 151 
73, 246 
56, 383 
47,931 
39, 647 
35, 672 
31,682 
:30, 345 
21,696 
21,228 
16,581 
1.5,343 



381,768 

325, 902 

131,822 

125, 560 

85, 333 

44,885 

42, 728 

38, 253 

30, 667 

23, 914 

8, 529 

7.730 



1,293,697 

321,616 

129,890 

102,026 

78,961 



<5 CATALOGUE OF CITIES. 

Staii'fi and ciliex, popidatUm, <nul jxtge reference to di.'^ciiftftion of dainj data — Continued. 



States and cities. 

Pennsylvania — Continued . 

Erie 

Wilkesbarre 

_ Harrisbnrg 

Lancaster 

Altoona 

Johnstown 

Allen town 

McKeesport 

Chester 

York 

Williauisport 

Newcastle 

Easton 

Lebanon 

Meadville 

Phoeni.xville 

Rhode Island: 

Providence 

Pawtucket 

W'oonsocket 

South Carolina: 

Charleston 

South Dakota 

Tennessee: 

Memphis .' 

Nashville 

Knoxville 

Chattanooga 



Popula- 
tion. 



52, 733 


147 


51,721 


148 


50, 167 


148 


41,459 


148 


38,973 


149 


35,936 


150 


35,416 


150 


34, 227 


150 


33,988 


150 


33, 708 


150 


28, 757 


151 


28,339 


151 


25,238 


151 


17, 628 


151 


10,291 


152 


9,196 


152 



175, 697 
39, 231 
28, 204 

55, 807 



102,320 
80, 865 
32, 637 
30, 154 



Page. 



153 
154 
154 

1.54 
155 

155 
156 
156 
156 



States and cities. 



Texas: 

San Antonio . . . 

Houston 

Dallas 

Galveston 

Fort Worth . . . . 
Utah: 

Salt Lake City. 

Vermont 

Virginia : 

Richmond 

Norfolk 

Washington: 

Seattle 

Tacoma 

Spokane 

West Virginia: 

Wheeling . 

Wisconsin: 

Milwaukee 

Superior 

Racine 

La Crosse 

O-shkosh 

Green bay 

Marinette 

Waukesha 

Wyoming , 



Popula- 
tion. 



Page. 



156 

157 
157 
157 
158 

158 
158 

1.59 
1.59 

160 
160 
160 



28,5,315 


162 


31,091 


163 


29, 102 


16;i 


28,895 


163 


28,284 


164 


18, 681 


164 


16, 195 


164 


7,419 


165 




165 



THE MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES AND 

TOWNS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

No branch of the dairy industry has received more attention in 
recent years or made more substantial progress than that of producing 
milk for delivery to consumers or shipment to market. Nearly one- 
third of all the milch cows in the United States are necessary to supply 
the people with milk for use in its natural state. 

The demand for improvement in the milk supply and milk service 
has led to much better practices on the part of many of those con- 
nected with different phases of the business. Producers give more 
care to the selection and breeding of cows, their health and housing, 
food and water; to the matter of cleanliness in milking and the care 
of milk while on the farm. There have been marked improvements 
in vessels and methods of shipping, means and manner of transporta- 
tion, storage, distribution, and delivery. The small glass jar, or 
bottle, as a complete and sealed vessel, to pass unopened from pro- 
ducer to consumer, if desired, is a great advance in equit}^, purity, 
and security of delivery. It has been rapidly improved from the 
clumsy form in which it was introduced twenty-five 3^ears ago, and has 
almost reached perfection as a glass vessel for this purpose. It is yet 
too heav^y, short lived, and expensive, however. The ideal package 
for milk carriage and delivery, light, cleau, safe, and so cheap as to be 
used only once and then destroyed, has yet to be found. 

Municipal governments, as well as voluntary civic organization 
and private enterprise, are giving more and more attention to this 
important subject of the milk supply, its proper regulation, super- 
vision, management, and improvement. 

Much reformatory work is still needed in the improvement of all 
those parts of the business which are within the control of the pro- 
ducing farmers. This requires the united efforts of all public and 
private agencies which can be interested in it and brought into action. 

More important is the system, or present lack of system, in distri- 
bution and delivery. Producers and consumers are jointly carrying 
an untold burden in supporting armies of men and " means of trans- 
portation '' engaged in duplication, or rather multiplication, of labor, 

9 



10 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

where intelligent cooperation would be a distinct ))enefit to all con- 
cerned. Here and there some encouraging- work has been done, but 
the problem needs to be earnestly studied. A great opportunity 
awaits the successful practical reformer in this important field. 

It is desirable to know what has already been done and what meas- 
ures have been found efficacious, in order to guide new movements or 
revise old ones in the same direction. To this end the compilation of 
facts has been made which will be found in the following pages. The 
report shows the legal requirements as to market milk in every State 
and Territory having laws upon the subject, and includes a more or 
less detailed account of the milk supply of all the 161 cities in the 
United States having a population over 2.5,000 each; also of 39 selected 
cities and towns of smaller size, the smallest being Belfast, Me., with a 
population of 1,015. The information given is nearly all based upon 
official documents and special reports from officers who are charged 
with the enforcement of so-called milk law,'^ and ordinances. 

Present conditions are well set forth in the material collected. In 
numerous instances recommendations for improvement are included, as 
given by health officers and milk inspectors. This does not imply that 
they are indorsed, although many of them are worthy of indorsement. 
This Department has recently published an article under the title, 
"Market milk: A plan for its improvement,"'^' which was prepared 
after a careful study of much of the material used in the present 
report. It sets forth a plan which, it is believed, could be followed in 
any town or city where there is a live interest in the subject. That plan 
applies chiefly to the further improvement of the better class of dairies 
and would have little direct influence on the poorest. It should there- 
fore be supplemented by certain legal requirements and their thorough 
enforcement. The report now presented will be especially useful in 
places where some regulation of the milk supply is first contemplated 
or where better regulations are needed. The correspondence of the 
Dairy Division shows there are many such, including cities and towns 
having no legal provisions whatever in reference to milk. Inquiries 
have come in large number for suggestions as to the best way to super- 
vise market milk, and especially as to methods generally employed. 

It is hoped that this summary statement of conditions now prevail- 
ing throughout the country in reference to market milk will encourage 
action toward the improvement of that important food supply and 
lead to a larger use of it. So much has been said and written regard- 
ing impure market milk that many persons have become unnecessarily 
alarmed. For this reason any fair inquiry into this subject which 
brings out facts and suggests steps that should be taken for the benefit 
of the industry should be welcomed b}'^ milk inspectors and consumers 
as well as milk producers and dealers. 

« Seventeenth Annual Report, Bureau of Animal Industry (1900), pp. 158-193. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



11 



STATISTICS AND GENERAL INFORMATION. 

The usual methods by which milk is distributed in cities, towns, and 
villages are known to every observing person, and those by which it 
is produced are known to most people; but statistical facts regarding 
the use of milk are not generally known, although they are exceedingly 
interesting and suggestive. All of the statistics obtained relating to 
the market milk of the two hundred municipalities have been arranged 
in tables (pp. 26—14), in which data for any city or town can be readily 
seen and compared with others. Onl}' a few of these statistics will be 
repeated here. Figures showing the total amount of milk used in 
large cities are very impres.sive, but they do not give the extent of the 
use of milk as well as those representing its per capita consumption or 
supply. The following statement shows the maximum, minimum, and 
average number of pints of milk apparentl}^ consumed daily in each of 
the four classes into which the cities and towns have been arranged: 

Daily per capitn supply of milk. 



Number of cities reporting 

Maximum pints. 

Minimum do. . . 

Average do. . . 



Class I. 


ClassII. 


Class III. 


38 


39 


63 


1.17 


2.00 


1.42 


.27 


.10 


.12 


.61 


.63 


.58 



Class IV. 

39 

1.18 
.23 

.57 



It is believed that these figures are reasona])ly accurate. They are 
based upon the population according to the last census and estimates 
of milk used daily furnished l)v local officials best qualified to judge. 
In not a few cases careful records are kept by milk inspectors of the 
milk sold by each person having a license, but generally it has been 
necessary to depend upon estimates. Whenever the estimates appeared 
to be unreasonabl}" large or small, they were returned for revision. 

The average quantity of milk per capita provided in the daily supply 
and presumably consumed in the largest cities (Class I) is found to be 
0.61, or practicall}' two-thirds, of a pint; in cities of Class II (includ- 
ing all those with a population between 50,000 and 100,000), the 
average consumption is 0.63 pint; in Class III (cities having a popu- 
lation between 25,000 and 50,000) it is slightly less, or 0.58 pint; and 
the average of 39 cities and towns, with a population less than 25,000, 
is 0.57 pint. In Boston, Worcester, Newton, and Fitchburg, Mass.; 
Elizabeth and Hoboken, N. J. ; Providence, R. 1. ; Minneapolis, Minn. ; 
Pueblo, Colo.; Elmira and Mount Vernon, N. Y. ; and Sioux City, 
Iowa, the average daily per capita consumption of milk is reported 
as 1 pint or more. By referring to the separate statements for these 
cities it will be seen that some explanation is usually given for this 



12 BURKAU OK ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

seeniiiio-ly large use of milk. The .snialle.st average consumption of 
milk in the larger cities is 0.27, or practicall}' one fourth, of a pint 
per capita; this is in New Orleans, where the supply is notal)ly inad- 
equate and unsatisfactory. The average per capita consumption of 
milk in four of the largest Southern cities is only 0.38 pint, which is 
less than one-half of the average supply in large Northern cities. 

Satisfactory statistics concerning skimmed milk were obtained from 
only a few of the larger cities reporting. In Indianapolis, Ind., and 
St. Joseph, Mo., the largest amounts were given, the supply being 
about one-third of a pint per capita, in addition to the whole milk 
used. Several cities reported a little less than 0.1 pint, and several 
others as little as 0.01 pint per capita. Boston, Mass.; Jersey City 
and Elizabeth, N. J. ; New York, N. Y. ; St. Louis, Mo. ; and Bridge- 
port, Conn., report that no skimmed milk is used. . 

The quantity of cream per capita in the larger cities varied in sup- 
ply from O.Ol pint daily to 0.19 pint. 

The numl)er of stores and wagons engaged in the sale and distrilni- 
tion of milk shows that the methods of handling it differ considerably 
in different places. Milk is sold from 12,000 stores in New York 
City, or an average of 1 store to every 286 persons, and it is deliv- 
ered from 1,000 wagons, or an average of 1 wagon to every 8o9 
persons. In all the cities of Class I, there is an a^'orage of 1 store to 
1,176 persons, and in Class II, to 2,119 persons, showing that in the 
smaller cities wagons are mainly depended upon. In cities of the first 
two classes, including all with a population above 50,000, there is an 
average of 1 wagon to about 781 persons. A factor to be considered 
in this connection is the number of cows within the city limits. Some 
cities report several thousand cows in herds within th(Mr l)oundaries, 
and most cities have quite a numlier of cows kept singl}" for the pri- 
vate use of the families owning them. 

The tables show a wide variation in the prices paid for milk in dif- 
ferent parts of the country. Producers usually receive, on their 
farms, from 2 to 3 cents per quart in the summer and 3 cents or more 
in winter, but these limits are often exceeded. On the other hand .in some 
cases and in some seasons, producers receive less than 2 cents a quart. 
It was attempted to ascertain the exact prices received by producers 
on their farms, but in some cases the question seems to have been 
misunderstood, and the price reported was apparently that paid for 
the milk delivered in the cit3\ Allowance should l)e made for this 
possible error, especially whenever the price seems to be too high. The 
average price paid by consumers of milk when retailed in small 
quantities is about 6 cents in summer and 7 cents in winter. 

In numerous instances an advance of 1 or 2 cents per quart for 
milk from ''model dairies'' is reported. But the milk from many so- 
called model dairies is sold at the same price as other milk, and in 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 13 

most of these cases the term probably refers to dairies that are con- 
ducted iti a manner only slightly better than the ordinary. The term 
"model dairy " is differently understood by different persons, hence 
the number of these dairies reported to be near cities and towns can 
not be fairly compared. Usually only one, two, or three are reported 
for a city and often none. 

A truly ''model dairy" is one which is conducted in the best prac- 
ticable manner known to science. They are not necessarily places where 
money has been lavishl}^ expended for tine blooded cattle and highly 
adorned buildings; such places, if they are not properly conducted, 
are far from "'model." But they are dairies where milk is produced 
and handled that is as clean and wholesome as milk can be made; the 
cows are in good condition, free from disease in any stage, and fre- 
quently examined by a skilled veterinarian, who removes from the 
herd any suspicious animals; none but wholesome feeds are used; the 
stable is al)undantly lighted and well ventilated, often thoroughly 
cleaned and kept in a correct sanitary condition; the cows are kept 
clean and comfortable; the attendants are healthy and cleanly; all 
utensils are sterilized daily; great care is taken to protect the milk 
from contamination; the milk is promptly cooled, and it should con- 
tain less than one one-thousandth part as many bacteria as are found 
in much of the milk regularly sold in cities and towns. 

A model dairy does not require a large outla}^ of capital, but it 
requires a keen intelligence and unremitting care in its management. 
Some increase in running expense is necessary, as would be expected. 
Such dairies are few, but their numl)er is slowly increasing. One of 
the chief reasons why they do not increase more rapidly is that the 
public does not appreciate the advantages of their product and seems 
unwilling to pay a slightly advanced price for it. If the question 
were generally understood, there would be such a demand for high- 
grade milk at fair prices that model dairies would tpiickl}^ come to be 
the rule instead of the exception. When consumers are willing to 
pay enough to encourage dairymen to exercise close supervision over 
their cows and to take all of the precaution necessary to insure milk 
of high quality and purity, from both chemical and bacteriological 
standpoints, and will insist on having such milk, then that kind will 
be amply supplied. It is the dut}^ of dairymen themselves to help 
bring about this condition. Milk is cheaper than most other foods 
(even when it is sold at an advanced price made necessary by extra 
care in its production), and for this reason, as well as others, it is well 
suited to form a large part of the dietary. 

The territory from which milk is supplied to cities and towns might 
be divided into three zones. The tirst includes the city itself, which 
often, as has been stated, has large numbers of cows within its limits; 
the number is sometimes in the thousands. The second zone includes 



14 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 

the district .surrounding the city, from which milk is carried by 
wagons. These wagons usually arrive in the city in time to serve 
milk early in the morning; they may deliver the milk of the previous 
day or the milk of the same morning and the previous evening. The 
third zone includes a much greater territorj^, from which milk is car- 
ried to the cities by railroads, trolley lines, and steamboats. In about 
a dozen cities more than three-fourths of the supply comes from this 
zone. Seven cities — New York, Philadelphia, Newark and Jersey City, 
N. J., Baltimore, Md., Memphis, Tenn., and Lynn, Mass.— report 
milk received from points distant 200 miles or more. The average of 
the longest distances from which milk is supplied to cities of Class I 
is practically 100 miles, while the average of the longest distance from 
which it is supplied to cities of Class II is practically 50 miles. The 
milk trains bringing milk from medium distances to the cities usually 
arrive between 8 and 11 o'clock in the morning with milk of the same 
morning and previous evening. Much of this is held over in refrig- 
erator tanks of the dealers to be served the following morning, when a 
part of it is twenty-four hours old and the remainder thirty-six hours. 
Trains carrying milk the lojigest distance usually arrive in the night, 
so that their milk can be served the following morning and is not any 
older than much of that coming from nearer points. 

The portion of milk delivered in glass bottles was stated for only 
about half of the cities reporting. In some cases almost all of the supply 
is handled in this way. It appears from the reports that the average 
retail price is no higher in cities where a large portion is served in 
bottles than in cities where bottles are but little used. The delivery 
of milk and cream in bottles is increasing in favor. This should be 
so, for the system has many advantages. Each bottle is a sufficiently 
exact measure, holding a quart, pint, or half pint, and unless it has 
been very carelessly tilled, contains its right proportion of cream. 
Bottles are closed packages and thoroughly protect their contents from 
dust and foul air. They ma}^ be easily sealed and their contents 
guaranteed. The bottles are heavy and fragile and expensive, but the 
greatest objection to their use is on account of their abuse. They are 
sometimes refilled without having been properly cleansed. This is a 
dangerous practice, as milk might be put into jars that had been in 
some way infected with the germs of a contagious disease, and thus 
carry the disease to other houses and families. Milk jars are easily 
sterilized, and whenever this is done there seems to be no serious 
objection to counterbalance the many advantages of their use. 

The pasteurization of market milk is not generally practiced. A 
few cities report that a small portion of the milk is thus treated. 
According to returns, the largest quantities of pasteurized milk are 
sold in Los Angeles, Cal.; Pittslmrg, Pa.; St. Paul, Minn.;- Kansas 
City, Kans.; Salt Lake City, Utah; Reading, Pa.; Troy and Bingham- 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 15 

ton, N. y. ; Council Bluff-s, Iowa; and Lexington, Ky. Several cities 
report that no pasteurized milk is sold within their limits. The prac- 
tice of pasteurization appears to be gradually extending-. Yet the 
medical fraternity is divided in opinion as to its expediency', and the 
best sentiment favors natural milk produced and delivered in such a 
pure and protected condition as to be greatly superior to any pasteur- 
ized article. Too often milk is offered for sale with the claim that it 
has been pasteurized, when it has actuall}^ been more harmed than 
helped, the process to which it has been subjected being unworthy the 
name. If done at all, pasteurization shoidd be in the hands of compe- 
tent persons, having efficient apparatus. 

MILK LAWS AND ORDINANCES. 

In thirty-five States there are laws referring to market milk. In 
nine other States (and Territories) there are pure-food laws which have 
a bearing upon the milk supply. In twenty-six States there are offi- 
cials whose special dut}' it is to enforce these laws. Full copies of all 
the laws but two or three of the latest are included in previous publica- 
tions of the Dairy Division. Almost every city and many towns and 
villages have ordinances or board of health regulations concerning the 
milk suppl3\ Abstracts showing the State requirements and also the 
local requirements, so far as available for the 200 cities and towns 
here reported upon, will be found in the following pages. (In the 
abstracts, effort is made to state only the most important features, 
often omitting the repetition of details of enforcement, the usual 
authority for inspectors to perform their work, methods of taking 
samples, etc.) In addition to the special milk laws, general pure-food 
and sanitary laws and regulations are sometimes construed to apply to 
milk. 

Too often milk laws and ordinances are faulty because their require- 
ments are not clearly expressed. The form of expression is some- 
times so cumbrous that the meaning is unintelligible to the average 
reader, or the requirements may be vague or obviously inexact, or they 
may be expressed in ver}' general terms, thus rendering execution 
practicall}' impossible. For example, some laws prohibit the use of 
any cow feed that is fermented. A strict interpretation of this would 
exclude silage, a most excellent dairy feed. This could hardly have 
been intended; but, if one feed is excepted, the exemption of other 
fermented feeds could be demanded. A law may require dairy stables 
to be well lighted. What does this mean? A stable considered by 
some persons to be well lighted would be very poorly lighted from the 
standpoint of others. A better way of expressing this requirement 
would be to name a minimum number of square feet of unobstructed 
windows for a given cu])ic space within, 

On the other hand, some laws and ordinances go to the opposite 



16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

extreme. They seem to show an effort to inchide the reguhition of 
almost every detail of dair}^ work. It is generally considered imprac- 
ticable to enforce such laws, and gradually their requirements are 
more and more ignored until attention is given to none of them or to 
only a few that can be most easily enforced. 

It is an open question whether State laws or local regulations may 
be the more efficient in improving the milk supply. It is the general 
practice to leave to local authorities all control after the milk is within 
the city limits, but in a few cases States exercise authority within the 
cities and towns as well as elsewhere. It is probably true that the milk 
supph^ of the smaller towns receives better official attention when its 
control is in the hands of the State. State inspectors visit the small 
towns occasionally, at least when it is shown that their presence is 
needed, and this is nuich Ijetter than no inspection, which is the rule 
in many towns like the one from whose health officer the following 
letter was received: 

It is humiliating to be compelled to confess that a city which is well advanced in 
all other matters of sanitation should be without ordinances regarding the milk 
supply. On two different occasions l>efore the city council assembly I moved that 
such ordinances be enacted, and both times the matter was shelved for the alleged 
reason that it might offend the susceptibilities of some milk venders. 

The argument that the State should control the milk supply, because 
local regulations have no force beyond the city limits, has been shown 
by numerous cities to have little weight. In places which are not 
sufficiently protected 1)}^ the lavvs of the States in which they are 
situated or the laws of other States from which milk is received, the 
matter is thus managed: It is provided by local ordinance that no milk 
shall enter the corporate limits unless it comes from a dairy holding 
a permit, or license, from the cit}^ authorities. The city can make 
its own conditions for issuing permits. These are usually given 
only to dairies actually inspected or which furnish satisfactory evi- 
dence of being in approved condition. The jiermits may l)e canceled 
for cause. A thorough sj'stem of milk and dairy inspection on this^ 
basis affords ample protection to milk consumers, as the source of 
the milk supply can be held completely under local control. 

City ordinances relating to milk supply are similar to State laws, 
but generally more detailed and more clearly stated. They are often 
supplemented by regulations and rules of the local boards of health. 
The character of the city requirements, as well as those established 
by State authority, can best be ascertained by examining the abstracts 
of the laws, ordinances, etc., which are given elsewhere in separate 
statements for cities and towns. A few milk ordinances are printed 
in full in Appendix I (p. 165); also a number of sections taken from 
other ordinances which are of interest, because they show com- 
mendable ways for j)n\s('ribing different re({uirenients. 



MILK SUPPLY OB^ TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



17 



The sul)ject.s of most frequent legislation in connection with the 
supervision of market milk are shown by the statement l)elow. The 
milk ordinances and regulations of 126 cities were examined with 
especial care, and the number of those having- similar requirements 
are given. The most popular subjects for legislation are thus readily 
seen: 

Snbjectft of most frequent legislation in connection with inarket milk. 



Subjects. 



Dairies: 

Lit'ensc or permit required . .* 

• Special authority for inspections 

Pure water supply 

Drainage of barnyards 

Stables: 

Proximity to other buildings 

Light 

Ventilation 

Floor space = 

Air space 

Cleanliness 

Removal of manure 

Drainage 

other than dairy animals to be ex- 
cluded 

Salnitary milk room 

Employees: 

Personal cleanliness 

Contagious disease (to be reported). 

If exposed to contagious disease 

Cows: 

Provisions for examination 

Diseased cows 

Unwholesome food forbidden 

Pure water supply 

cleaning cows 

Milk rejected at calving time 



Number 
of cities. 



Subjects. 



Care of milk: 

Milk vessels to be nonabsorbeiit 

Milk vessels to be thoroughly 
cleaned 

Milk to be promptly removed from 
the stable 

Straining 

Cooling and aerating 

Conditions of storage 

Sale of milk: 

Licenses, or permits 

Licenses to be publicly displayed . . . 

Source of supply to be posted 

General inspection in cities 

Signs on wagons 

Unsanitary milk prohibited 

Confiscation of impure milk 

Definite standard for composition. . 

Skimmed milk prohibited 

Skimmed milk permitted condition- 
ally 

Bottling at farm 

Storage of milk for sale 

Milk tickets to be used but once 

Milk wagons to be covered 

Milk wagons not to carry garbage . 

Sellers to register customers 



Number 
of cities. 



11 
9 
1.5 
23 

92 
24 
14 
75 
79 
109 
30 
67 
12 

61 
8 
23 
16 
12 
6 



Tn most places having ordinances the sale of unsanitary milk is 
prohibited, but not infrequently in such general terms that the pro- 
hibition is practically without force. 

The usual standard required for milk is 12 per cent total solids, 
including 3 per cent of fat. In a few cases higher standards are in 
force during all the year except the summer months. In some ordi- 
nances the standard is expressed in this peculiar manner: "Milk shall 
contain at least 12 per cent of milk solids, of which 3 per cent shall be 
fat.." This literally means that the milk must contain three one- 
hundredths of twelve one-hundredths, or much less than 1 per cent 
of fat; 

So much trouble has been experienced in some cities in regulating 
the sale of skimmed milk that in a few cases the sale of this cheap 
25839— No. 4(5—03 2 



18 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

and excellent food is prohibited. The difficulty arises from the fact 
that dealers are allowed to carry skimmed milk in the same vehicles 
with whole milk or keep it in the same refrigerators or chests. It is 
then a simple matter to substitute the one for the other in selling to 
customers who are incapable of detecting the difference or unable to 
get redress. Some cities require all skimmed milk to be sold from 
cans that are painted blue or another distinguishing color. In one 
place the vender must give to the consumer a printed slip on which it 
is stated in large type that the milk is skimmed. In one or two other 
places skimmed milk must be peddled in vehicles different from those 
used for whole milk. Such methods have been proved so simple and 
effective that they should be adopted in cities where skimmed milk is 
now excluded. A good supply of this article, sold honestly on its 
merits, is of so much benefit to consumers, and especiall}" to the poorer 
classes, that prohibition of its sale is inexcusable. 

Many different penalties are provided for the violation of milk laws. 
They are usually lines and imprisonment, but in a few towns it is 
required that the names of violators be published, thus notifying the 
public who have been convicted of selling poor milk. 

In many cases milk dealers have adopted the commendable practice 
of issuing rules and instructions to the producers supplj'ing them with 
milk. A copy of a set of these rules is shown in Appendix II (p. 181). 
Such rules are a most valuable supplement to the oi'dinances. The 
"Fifty dairy rules" issued by this Department, in suitable form for 
posting in stables and milk rooms, have been widel}^ distributed to 
dairymen through milk dealers and milk inspection officials, and by 
being published in various places. 

An excellent list of the conditions which should be found at a well- 
conducted dairy is given in Appendix III (p. 182). These requirements 
form the chief part of the contract between the Essex County (N. J.) 
milk commission and the dairyman whose milk receives the indorse- 
ment of this commission. 

No attempt is now made to offer what might be called an ideal milk 
law. Such would be suggestive in the many cities and towns where 
new legislation is being considered, but it is believed that suggestions 
as useful can 1)e had by a study of the laws which are already in force. 
An ordinance suitable in one city or town might be quite inapplicable 
in another. For example, the larger cities, where dealers purchase 
their milk in such a wa}' as to know practically nothing of its source, 
should have laws different in many respects from those in force in 
places where all the milk sold is produced by the persons who sell it. 
The regulations should be as clear and lu'ief as possible, and those 
relating to milk should l)e enacted togethci', so the}' can be printed 
separately for distribution. In many cases the distribution of ordi- 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 19 

nances is rendered almost useless because they are long and cumber- 
jsonie, or because the milk regulations are mingled with those on other 
subjects. In one city requirements regarding the milk supply alternate 
with those regarding the burial of the dead. 

It is a serious mistake not to consult with reputable dairj^men and 
dealers when laws concerning them are being considered. Such per- 
sons welcome the enactment and rational enforcement of proper 
measures to regulate the production and sale of milk. The prohibi- 
tion of adulteration and unsanitary methods helps their business by 
driying out competitors whose false claims of excellence succeed in 
holding the trade of many customers. 

SUPERVISION OF THE PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF MARKET 

MILK. 

With yery few exceptions, there is some superyision of the milk 
supply in all cities in the United States haying a population oyer 
50,000. Much less superyision is exercised in cities with a population 
between 50,000 and 25,000, and in smaller cities and towns superyision 
is the exception rather than the rule. It is easily seen that in small 
places, where persons are known or may soon become more or less 
known throughout the entire community, the same need for official 
attention to the milk suppl}^ does not exist as in more populous cen- 
ters. Yet this is not sufficient reason for ignoring the subject alto- 
gether, as is too often done. 

There is the widest yariation in the methods followed in different 
places and the character of the work performed. As stated, in many 
cities and towns this matter receiyes no attention, or almost none, and, 
in some of these, adulterations and general neglect of sanitary' meas- 
ures may be found on eyery hand, if the replies to inquiries from this 
office ma}' be relied upon. But it should be added that in some places, 
where there is little or no superyision. the quality of the milk is 
excellent. 

As has been explained, most of the States have more or less definite 
laws relating to the milk supply of cities and towns. In yery few of 
them, howeyer, is there any real effort at superyision by State officials. 
In Iowa and New York and one or two other States regular corps of 
milk inspectors are kept in the field. Some are located permanenth" 
in the larger cities and others make occasional unannounced yisits 
to smaller places. In general these officials plan their own routes, 
and respond promptly to calls from places where their presence is 
particularly desirable. Their duties are largely the examination of 
milk samples for adulteration. The lactometer is relied upon mainly 
to indicate suspicious samples, and these are later subjected to more 
accurate tests. The effect of a visit of the State milk inspector to one 



20 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



town, where he is apparently too .seldom seen, is shown })y this state- 
ment from the health officer: 

The only protection the citizens have had from impure milk is an occasional visit 
from a State milk inspector, who invariably caught an offender an<l emptied his 
cans in the gutter; and some of the other dealers hearing of- it, hurried back to their 
homes and left their customers unsuj)plied. 

Some inspections of the sanitary conditions of dairies and milk 
stores are made by State authorities, but these are not customary 
except for special cause, such as an outbreak of disease or evidence of 
unusual conditions requiring- attention. The New Jersey board of 
health has prepared blanks on which reports of inspections are made 
and which show h®w thorough it is proposed they shall be in that 
State. (See Appendix IV. p. 187.) 

Although in some cities and many towns there is no local super- 
vision of the milk suppl}^, except an occasional action of the board of 
health or police in connection with a particularl}^ flagrant case, yet, on 
the whole, there is much more work done along this line by local 
officials than by State officials; the former, however, often act under 
State laws. 

Milk ordinances and regulations being considered health measures, 
their enforcement is generally intrusted to the board of health. When 
it is proposed to accomplish something along this line, special officers 
are appointed to take charge of the work. They^ are usually given the 
title of "milk inspector," but not infrequently their titles are longer 
and indicate additional duties, such as "inspector of milk and vine- 
gar," "inspector of milk, provisions, kerosene oil, and vinegar," etc. 

Officials in most of the cities having a population over 100,000 (Class 
I) reported fully upon the work performed in the supervision of their 
milk supply, and officials in a large portion of the cities with popu- 
lation between 50,000 and 100,000 (Class 11) did likewise. DetaiFs 
could be furnished from only a small portion of the cities between 
25,000 and 50,000 population (('lass III), and of those of less than 
25,000 population (Class IV). From these reports interesting data 
were obtained, which are tabulated as follows: 

Ahalract of inter edit i.g iletiis/roiii cities of the different dnsse)^. 



Items and grouping of same. 



Amount annually expended in supervision of the milk supply 

Cities reporting 

Largest amount reported , 

Smallest amount reported , 

Average amount reported 

Milli samples tested for composition: 

("ities reporting 

Largest number reported 

Smallest number reported 

Average Tiumber leported 



Class I. 


Class 11. 


Class IIL 


Class IV. 


29 


33 


40 


31 


Si:?, 000 


m, 500 


12, 500 


SI, 200 


fl.OOO 











12, 95.3 


S(i.S5 


1421 


S282 


37 


32 


52 


38 


79, (3b7 


12, 000 


5,000 


4,000 











8 


6,834 


1,076 


621 


471 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 21 

Abstract of interesting items from cities of the different classeit — Continued. 



Items and grouping of same. 



Class I. 


Class II. 


Class III. 


30 


27 


39 


390 


125 


43 











77 


7 


2 


29 


25 


34 


5,500 


100 


200 


560 


100 


200 


2 

















297 


21 


21 


124 


l.s 


:!1 


17 


18 


37 


4,000 


800 


300 


300 


228 


250 


69 


15 


12 











686 


167 


65 


114 


(!4 


37 



Class IV. 



Milk samples examined baeteriologically: 

Cities reporting 

Largest number reported 

Smallest number reported 

Average number reported 

Dairy herds in city limits: 

Cities reporting 

Largest number reported 

Largest number inspected reported. . . 

Smallest number reported 

Smallest number inspected reported. . 

Average number reported 

Average number inspected reported . . 
Dairy farms contributing to tlie sujiply: 

Cities reporting 

Largest number reported 

Largest number inspected reported 

Smallest number reported 

Smallest number inspected reported . . . 

Average number reported 

Average number inspected reported . . , 



29 

275 



IG 

29 
83 
83 


12 
11. 

30 
127 
127 
6 

38 
29 



By an examination of these figures, as well as the separate reports 
upon different cities and towns, in another part of this publication, it 
is readily seen that most of the inspection work consists of testing 
samples of milk to ascertain if they contain as much fat and other 
solids as required by the standard. This is very useful, but certainly 
not more so than inspections for other conditions that may have even 
more effect upon the wholesomeness of milk than its adulteration b}" 
skimming or watering. The health of the cows producing milk, the 
health of the persons who handle it, and the conditions to which it is 
exposed are too often left out of consideration altogether l)y consum- 
ers as well as public-health officials. Yet there is little doubt that 
much moi'e harm has resulted from the use of milk that has been con- 
taminated through neglect of these things than from the use of adul- 
terated milk. It is a commercial fraud to decrease the value of milk 
by the addition of a cheap ingredient, such as pure water, or by the 
removal of a valuable ingredient, such as fat (in cream), but this is 
insignificant compared to the evil of allowing milk to become danger- 
ously contaminated, as may easily result when general sanitary condi- 
tions are neglected in connection with its production and care. 

Milk laws, ordinances, regulations, etc., are usually quite well 
enforced, so far as the requirements regarding the composition of milk 
are concerned, but beyond that the enforcement is very imperfect. 
For example, it is commonly required that cows shall be kept in a 
healthful place and fed only wholesome food, etc., but sucii clauses 
are seldom noticed. Nothiiiii' whatever is known in most cities of the 



22 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

source of a large part of the milk sold, as many farms are never 
inspected. The conditions at almost any cit}^ in this respect are well 
described in the report of an inspector at Washington, D. C, which 
is abstracted on page 58. 

The methods of work are quite similar throughout, and all details 
need not be given here. It is practicable to keep a correct list of 
producing dairies and places where milk is sold by having them 
licensed. This is the first essential. It is then simply a question of 
finding everyone on the lists and keeping an office record of the results 
of the inspections. Special care must be taken in the collection and 
marking of samples, aw these acts have to be fully described in prose- 
cutions. The official report of the method employed in Boston is as 
follows : 

Collections of samples for inspection are made on every week day and frequently 
on Sunday. The time varies very much according to circumstances, but most of 
them are made in the early morning and forenoon, though often a district is visited 
in the afternoon or evening. The usual method of collecting milk samples is as fol- 
lows: The collectors go to the different districts to which they have been assigned 
the previous day, and begin their work very early in the morning, usually about 2 
or 3 o'clock. Each carries a satchel in which are sample cans, bottles for return sam- 
ples, tags for identification of the specimens collected, blank receipts, sealing wax, 
etc. At the time of taking a samj^le the collector makes a series of memoranda on a 
tag, which, before leaving the wagon, he affixes by means of a piece of copper wire to 
the handle of the sample can. The memoranda include every important point in 
any way connected with the taking of the milk — the name on the wagon, the license 
number, the name of the driver in charge, the time and exact locality, the number 
of cans on the wagon, the kind of can from which the sample was taken, whether the 
same was marked "skimmed milk," whether a sealed portion of the sample was 
delivered, and to whom, and any unusual or peculiar circumstances. These notes 
are made in the i^resence of the driver; and the tag, securely fastened to the sample, 
serves fur its identification, and may later be used to refresh the memory of the col- 
lector on the witness stand in case of prosecution. In every case the person from 
whom the sample is taken is asked if he desires a sealed i^ortion of the same. If the 
answer is in the affirmative, a 3-ounce bottle is filled, properly labeled by means of 
a small tag, and sealed in such a way that the latter can not be removed without 
breaking the seal. The collector then delivers the bottle to the person in charge, 
who signs a receipt for the same. As soon as the collector has ol)tained a sufficient 
number of samples he proceeds to the office, and having delivered them to the chem- 
ist, prepares to make a second tri^j. If, as frequently happens, he arrives at the office 
at such an early hour that nobody else is present, he locks his samples into a small 
closet, to which only himself and the chemist have keys. The second trip is made, 
as a rule, during the forenoon among the stores. The different districts of the city 
are not visited with any fixed regularity, and thus it happens that the dealers have 
no idea when they may next expect a visit, and hence can not feel that having been 
inspected to-day there will be no risk attending the conveyance of adulterated milk 
to-morrow. Collections are fre(]uently made on several consecutive days in the same 
district by one, two, or all the (;ollectors, and certain districts may be thus visited 
twice in the same morning. 

A further idea of general methods may be obtained from copies of 
diti'erent kinds of forms used, which are shown in Appendix IV, 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 23 

(pp. 187-210). They include forms for application for license, forms 
on which reports of dairies are made, licenses, etc. Useful suggestions 
regarding the supervision of market milk may be obtained from an 
examination of these forms. 

The applicant for a license is commonly required to make a simple 
formal request for the privilege to sell milk. This may be on a blank 
form containing only a few lines. In some cases this form has printed 
on its face or back a few of the requirements of the ordinance, or the 
ordinance in full (see p. 188). In at least one city the applicant must 
declare that his cows and the persons in his family and in his employ 
are free from certain dangerous diseases, and he must agree to give 
prompt notice of the occurrence of disease (see p. 189). In another 
case the applicant must agree to numerous conditions explicitl}-^ 
stated (see p. 189). In a few cities the applicants must furnish a more 
or less detailed statement of the conditions obtaining on the dairy 
farms or the general conduct of the business proposed (see p. 193). 
The advantages of requiring such a statement before a license is granted 
are readily seen. Probably then, more than at any other time, special 
effort will be made to answer all questions satisfactorily. If the dair}^ 
is subsequently inspected and reports of conditions as found are made 
upon blanks like the one originally filled out, the}^ can be conveniently 
compared and the differences for better or worse readily noted. It 
should be remembered that it is as important to give attention to 
facilities for handling milk after it arrives in the city as before, and 
forms for this kind of inspection are in use in a few places (see 
p. 195). Some States and several cities have special forms for use 
in inspecting dairies from time to time, and some of them call for 
many important details (see p. 196). A form upon which additions of 
cows to a herd must be reported is sometimes used (see p. 199). 

Licenses, or permits, are usually brief, simply stating that tlie per- 
son or concern named is permitted to sell milk in the city, etc., until 
a certain time, unless the license is sooner revoked. In some cases 
separate licenses are issued for stores and wagons. It is not uncom- 
mon to print a part or all of the milk ordinance or regulations upon 
the license, thus keeping always in sight some at least of the require- 
ments (see J). 173). A special form may be used for notifying negli- 
gent persons of the requirement that they must be registered, or 
licensed, and others to give notice that the license number must appear 
on wagons (see pp. 200 and 203). 

The forms most commonly used in making inspections of milk in 
cities and towns are those giving data regarding the collection of milk 
samples and upon which prosecutions ma}^ be based (see p. 205). Spe- 
cial forms are also sometimes used for giving notice that a sample of 
milk has been taken (see p. 206); for reporting its analysis (see p. 206); 
for giving notice of the confiscation and perhaps spilling of condemned 



24 BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

milk (see p. 206); and for recording data when stores and wagons are 
inspected, etc. A special form is sometimes used to compel the dis- 
continuance of the use of bottles at houses where contagious disease 
exists and giving permission to resume using them when the danger 
is past. Warnings of violations of the law are sometimes made on 
special forms (see p. 209). Man}" different methods of keeping office 
records are followed. In one city the "card system" appears to be 
used with success (see p. 210). 

It should not be amiss here to mention the desirability of having as 
the official whose dut}" it is to supervise market milk one who possesses 
practical knowledge of the subject, as well as ability and integrity. 
Man}^ such are engaged in this work, and their efforts are approved 
and encouraged alike by milk consumers and the better (;lass of milk 
producers and dealers. It is hard to overestimate their value to the 
community. But, unfortunately, a few persons intrusted with this 
important work have wrong conceptions of their duties and sometimes 
they do more harm than good. The official who thinks that everyone 
engaged in the business of producing or selling milk is intentionall}^ a 
lawbreaker, or he who constantly seeks to annoy those under his juris- 
diction b}" petty and unreasonable requirements, does a great wrong. 
For the best results to all concerned, the utmost care should Ije taken 
in selecting the person who will have charge of the enforcement of 
milk laws. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF MARKET MILK. 

Those who reported upon the milk supply were asked to mention 
the chief improvements which had recently come to their attention, 
and to suggest methods })y which further improvements might be 
brought about. The improvements reported by the greatest number 
related to the dairies where milk is produced, and they showed that 
considerable advance has been made in the character and healthful- 
ness of the stock, the conditions under which milch cattle are kept, 
and the methods of handling milk. The chief improvement shoAvn by 
inspections in the cities was the decreased use of chemical preserva- 
tives in milk. 

Man}" excellent suggestions were received regarding the improve- 
ments named and others needed, and they will l)e found elsewhere in 
connection with the separate statements for cities and towns. A few 
of the better ones are repeated below. Some exceedingly impractica- 
ble suggestions were also received. Naturally, the needs which are 
given for some places are well met in some others, yet the list includes 
points that might profitably be considered in every cit3^ They are so 
clearly stilted that connnent upon them is unnecessary, and are as 
follows: 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 25 

The registration of all dairies. 

Official indorsement of properl}' conducted dairies. 

Inspection of all herds, barns, dairy buildings, etc., once a month. 

Better ^ig'iting, ventilation, drainage, and cleanliness of cow stables. 

Whitewashing tlie interior of stables. 

Eradication of tul)erculosis from dairy herds. 

Branding of condemned cows. 

Cows not to be given swill feed, etc. 

Cows to ])e regularly cleaned. 

Pasturage foi' city cows. 

Aeration of milk in pure air. 

Prompt cooling of milk and holding it at a low temperature until 
final delivery. 

Shipment of milk from farms promptly after milking. 

Delivery of milk and cream in sealed packages (glass bottles or 
small cans) so as to avoid unnecessary contamination l>v city dust, etc. 

Delivery of milk in cities at any hour of the day when it can be 
supplied in the best condition. 

Restrictions upon the sah^ of milk in markets, candy stores, etc. 

Delivery of milk from such stores in bottles only. 

Mixing of herd milk to get an article of uniform composition. 

Bottling of milk oidy at the dairy or place of general su})ply. 

Daily sterilization of milk utensils. 

More rigid inspections for preservatives in milk. 

Chemical and l)acteriological examinations of milk. 

Standards for cream and skinuned milk. 

The passage of no law that can not be reasonably well enforced. 

More pay and allowances and greater authority foi- milk and dairy 
inspectors. 

More severe penalties for violations of milk laws. 

Publication of reports t)n inspection of dairies. 

Education of milk producers ])y a li)»eral distribution of circulars, 
leaflets, etc., b(niring upon their work. 

TABLES SHOWING THE STATISTICS OF MILK SUPPLY AND 

SUPERVISION. 

For the purpose of enabling comparison to be made between cities 
and towns of aliout the same size, such data as can be tabulated from 
the reports have been arranged in the four tables which follow. 



26 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Table I. — Statistic>< of idHJc siipp/n and Kiipervlsimi in all 



States and cities. 



California: 

Los Angeles 

San Francisco... 
Colorado: 

Denver 

Connecticut: 

New Haven 

Dist. of Columbia: 

Washington 

Illinois: 

Chicago 

Indiana: 

Indianapolis 

Kentucky: 

Louisville 

Louisiana: 

New Orleans 

Maryland: 

Baltimore 

Massachusetts: 

Boston 



bo 
C ^ 

'■B =1 

o c 

o o 
o 



Fall River 

Worcester 

Michigan: 

Detroit 

Minnesota: 

Minneapoli.s 

St. Paul 

Missouri: 

Kansas City, in- 
cluding Kansas 
City, Kans 

St. Joseph 

St. Louis 

Nebraska: 

Omaha 

New Jersey: 

Jersey City 

Newark 

Paterson 



No. 
102, 479 
342, 782 

133,859 

108,027 

278, 718 

1,(;98,575 

1G9, 164 

204, 731 

287, 104 

508, 957 

560, 892 

104,863 
118,421 



202, 718 
163,065 



215, 170 
102, 979 
575,238 

102, 555 

206, 433 
246, 070 
105,171 



Average 

daily milk 

consumption. 



Galls. 
4,500 
25, 000 

12, 110 
8,750 

12,500 
169, 465 

12, 000 

10, 000 
9,609 

25, 000 

82, 250 

6,000 
16, .500 

15, 000 

28, 000 
12, 000 



25, 000 
8,562 
26, 375 

5, 740 

12, 000 
16, 000 



Pints. 
0.85 

.58 

.65 

'■.65 

.36 



.57 
.39 



.39 

^1.17 

.46 
A. 11 



1.11 
.59 



.93 
.66 
.37 

.45 

.47 
..52 
.61 



a. 2 
"a 



Galls. 

500 

1,000 



8,000 

8,000 

200 

5, 000 



4 

200 



335 
1,500 



4,290 




200 





Galls. 

1.50 

1,500 

2,000 



4,000 
50 
75 

4,000 



50 
2.50 



3,536 
1,200 



100 
3,000 

140 

5U0 

1,200 

200 



jVo. 
173 
200 
400 
114 

2, 162 

770 

100 

17 

2, 5:30 

2,900 

327 
400 



400 
400 



400 

30 

1,987 

146 

4.50 

, 800 

225 



No. 
112 
350 

300 

200 

1.50 

2,692 

273 

250 

410 

.525 



320 
350 



230 



500 
325 



420 

125 

1,109 



250 

279 



3{iles. P.ct 
20 5 



40 
10 
92 
123 
40 
.50 
83 



8,000 

a L= Lactometer. B=Babcock test. G=Gravimetric analysis. 
''Tu=Tubercle bacilli. Ty=Typhoid fever bacilli. P^Pns celh 
<• Portion used in manufacturing buttcrinc. 
''Large portion consumed by nonresidents for noon lunch. 



75 

2.50 

312 

42 



33 

90(?) 
60 
16 



Productifin of 
milk within 
city limits. 



W 



No. 

25 

196 



No. No 
500 
5,880 



136 1,127 

30 420 

180 

100 1,000 



440 



105 
340 



40 

68 

400(?) 

89 

30 

58 
84 



6, 686 



3.50 
4,036 



2.50 
ff 1,300 



700 
1,000 
8,000 

2, 000 

275 
874 
42:i 



Pa = Pathogenic bacteria. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDKED CITIES. 

the [38) f.ilies uf 100,000 <ir more popuhdlon ( (Jims I). 



27 





Dairies 
beyond 
city lim- 
its sup- 
plying 
milk. 


Retail 

price 

milk per 

quart. 


" Model " dairies 
supplying milk. 


Milk 
standard. 


Milk 
nspection. 


Examinations of milk samples 
past year. 


1 
o 


P. 

Si 

0) 

ft 
a 


a 
a 

|3 




a 

3 


Retail price 
per quart. 


1 


? 
^ 


a 

03 


a 

o 

s 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 


a 
a ■ 

3 
03 




a 

3 


8 

■a 
o 

S3 


a 

a 




2 


No. 


No. 


as. 


«s. 




Cts. 


as. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


DoUs. 


No. 










1 


75 


75 


5 


5 


1 


74 


74 


12 


3.4 


1,100 


1 


419 


L.B.G. 






2 
3 


300 
300 



^00 


5-7 
5-6i 


5-7 
6^-8} 









12 
12 


3.2 
3 






464 

[ 2,200 
1 600 

74 


L.B.G. 
B. 


3 

Few. 


Tu. Tv. 






1,200 


■> 




U 




12 


6 


7 


6 


6 


7 


11.5 


3.5 






G. 
L.B. 


J 




5 


630 


205 


6-8 


6-8 


2 


10-12 


10-12 


12.6 


3.5 




3 


413 


L.B.G. 







6 


■1,000 


11 


.5-7 


6-7 


- 


7-12 


7-12 


12 


3 


10, 000 


7 


19,053 


L.B.G. 


126 


Tu. 


7 


250 


>(V1 




6 








12 


3 


1,000 


1 


850 


L. B. G. 


14 




8 


100 


25 


5-6i 


5-6i 


4 


6i-74 


6i-74 


12 


3 


3 


475 


G. 







9 
10 


69 

1,500 


27 
220 


n 

5-10 


74 
5-10 


3 
3 


10 

8-10 


10 
8-10 


13 
12 


3.5 
3 






1,141 

r 900 
131,803 


L.B.G. 

B. G. 
L. 


2 
1 300 


Tu. 


2,300 


3 


P. Tu. 


11 






5-S 


5-8 


20 


5-8 


5-8 


fl3 
ll2 


3.7 
3 


13,000 


6 


15, 000 


L.B.(;. 













n 


240 


240 


5-6 


6-7 


6 


7 


7 


12 


3 


1,250 


1 


257 


B. 







13 

u 


568 
500 




54 
5 


5i 
6 


25 
3 


7 


8 
8 






1,000 
1,000 


3 

2 


1,400 
1, 219 


L.B.G. 
L. B. G. 


200 
12 




12.5 


3 


Tu. Ty. 


Ify 




99 


5 


5-6 








13 


3.5 


5,000 


5 


3,022 


B.G. 


Few. 




16 






5 












13 


3 5 


2,000 




500 


L.B.G. 







17 


240 


200 


5 


5i 


3 


6 


6 


12 


3 


2,500 


2 


2,500 


B.G. 


125 


Tu. 


IS 
19 


119 


18 


5 
5-8 


6| 
5-8 



3 






12 
11.5 


3 
3 


1,850 


1 
1 


6 

684 


L. 
L.B. 




72 




124 


124 


Ty. 


20 

21 

22 




15 


5 

6-8 
6 


6 

7-8 
7 








12 


3 


1,200 

hS. 
2,000 


1 
3 


460 

500 
f 283 
1 3,508 


B. 

L. G. 
L. B. G. 

L. 




1 » 





Few 








500 




8-12 


S-12 


12 






23 


1 





0-8 


6-8 


2 


10 


12 




















'■ There are 506 licenses, but some persons run several wagons on one license. 

/ Portion consumed by inhabitants of near-by towns and cities. 

(/Besides 1,200 cows kept by private families. 

''State control. 

'Tourists, etc., make average i)i>jiu!aticiu l-'iD.OOO. 



28 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Tahle I. — Statistics of milk sapplij <itul supervision in all the 



Stages and cities. 



New York : 
Buflfalo 

New Yink 

Rochester 

Syracuse 

Ohio: 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Toledo 

Pennsylvania: 
Allegheny 

Philadelphia ... 

Pittsburg 

Scranton 

Rhode Island: 

Providence 

Tennessee: 

Memphis 

Wisconsin: 

Milwaukee 

Average o f 
those re- 
porting. 



5S 



No. 
35'X 387 

3,4:^7,202 

162, COS 

108, 374 

325, 902 
381,768 

125,560 

1.31,822 

129, 896 

1,293,697 

321,016 
102, 026 

175, .597 

102, 320 

285, 315 



375, 257 



Average 

dally milk 

consumption. 



Galls. 
31,000 

333, 856 

17,000 

10, 200 

25, 000 
21, 490 

(■), 397 

9, 650 

5, 000 

75, 000 

:M, 000 
7,000 

22, 000 

6, 400 

25, 000 



30, 930 



S.2 
3 a. 



Pints. Galls. 
0.70 10,000 

.78 

.83 



.61 
.45 

.41 

. 59 



.31 

.46 

.75 
. 55 

il.OO 

..50 

.70 



.61 



1,000 



500 



2,152 



No. 
1,200 

12, 000 

75 

340 

200 
1,200 



160 

1,.500 

1,230 
17» 

1,200 

40 

500 



968 



No. 
529 

4, 000 

275 

195 

200 

580 

286 

2.53 

400 

2, 000 

425 
125 

.500 

168 

600 



3.50 
45 



100 
65 

40 

80 

1.50 

200 

50 
30 



33 

67 

75(?) 

90 



Production of 
milk within 
city limits. 



No. 
22 



5,500 
.0 

14 



38 
.500 
241 



No. 
340 



23,200 560 



1,400 
225 



769 

500 
5, 000 



25 



a Portion used in manufacturing butterine. 



MILK SUPPLY OB^ TWO HUNDRP^D CITIES. 
cities of 100,000 or more population {Class I) — Continued. 



29 





Dairies 










1 










beyond 


Retail 




















city lim- 


price 


" Model " dairies 


Milk 


Milk 


Examinations of milk 


samples 




its Mlp- 


milk per 


supplying milk 


standard. 


inspection. 




past year. 






ivlyinif 


(jiiart. 




















milli. 




















"3 
1 


l 

a. 
a 


a 
a 




0) 

.a 
B 

P 


Retail price 
per quart. 


•J. 

o 

o 
p. r^ 


P. vL 


as 

ag 


a 

!ii o' 

•SO. 
o 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 


g 
a 




ID 

a 


o 


B 
y, 




Xo. 


No. 


Cts. 


a.s-. 




a». 


n.v. 


Dolls. 


A'o. 










2.', 


(!5fi 




6 


6 


Few. 


7 


7 


12 


3 


2,000 


3 


1 «-* 

1 1,022 


B. (i. 
L. 


\ ^ 




25 


3, 500 




6 


8 


Few. 


12-15 


12-15 


12 


3 




12 


j78, 344 
1 1,313 


L. 

B. G. 


1 




20 


■iOO 


175 


■' 


6 


10 


fi 


,S 


12 


3 


4,000 


2 


J 204 
1 4,254 


ti. 
L.B. 


1 335 




27 


21(i 


216 


•'^ 


5 


■10 


5-8 


.5-8 






1,400 


1 


flO, 630 
1 120 


L B. 
G. 


I 
) 










2S 


•200 


150 


6 


(! 


3 


8 


S 


12 


3.1 


1,200 


1 


600 


B. 







2.9 


(i50 


'>5n 




6 




6 


- 






3,000 


4 


6,666 


B. 


300 


Ta. 


50 
31 


202 


131 


11 
5 










111.5 

jl2 

111.5 


3 
2.5 


1,200 
1,2.50 


2 
1 


456 
4.50 


. L. B. 
G. 


Fe\y. 
14 


Tu. Ty. 


1 


8 


10 


Tn. 


32 
S3 


90 
2,ri00 




6 
6 


S 












2, 700 
9,580 


10 


2,000 
[ 95 
l47, 023 


L. B. G. 

L. G. 

L. 


180 
'390 


Tn. Ty. 


4(?) 






12 


3.5 


Ty. P. 








3U 
35 






6-.S 
G 


8-10 

7 


4 




10 


10 






3, 000 
1,200 


2 
1 


4,997 
2,612 


B. G. 
L. B. 








-100 





12.5 


3.5 




3R 






5-.S 


(!-8 


,. 


6-8 6-8 


12 


•? 5 


6,000 


4 


b3,178 


B. G. 


200 




37 


LSS 


153 


6 


6 


1 


8 8 


12 


3 


1,200 


2 


1,083 


B. G. 


36 


Tu.Ty.P. 


38 







5 


5-6 







12 


3 


1,500 






B. 


















686 


114 


5.8 


6.5 


8.2 


8.6 






2, 953 


3 


6, 834 




77 





b For live months. 



30 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table II. — Statistics of milk supply and sUpermsion in all of the {40) 



States and citio 



California: 

Oakland 

Connecticut: 

Bridgeport 

Hartford 

Delaware: 

Wilmington... 
Georgia: 

Atlanta 

Savannah 

Illinois: 

Peoria 

Indiana: 

Evansville 

Iowa: 

Des Moines . . . 
Kansas: 

Kansas City... 
Maine: 

Portland 

Massachusetts: 

Cambridge 

Lawrence 

Lowell 

Lynn 

New Bedford . 

Somerville 

Springfield . . . 
Michigan: 

Grand Rapids. 
Minnesota: 

Duluth 

New Hampshire: 

Manchester . . . 
New Jersey: 

Camden 

Elizabeth 

Hoboken 

Trenton 



o c 



No. 
66, 960 



70, 996 
79, 850 



76, 508 



Average 

daily milk 

consumption. 



Galls. 
4,500 



6, 250 
9,000 



3, 756 



89,872 I <■ 1,500 
54,244 3,000 

56, 100 

59,007 

62, 139 

51,418 

50, 145 



91, 886 
62, 559 
94, 969 
68, 513 
62, 442 
61, 643 
62, 059 

87, 565 

52, 969 

56, 987 

75, 935 
52, 130 
59, 364 



5, 000 

2,600 

5,000 

3, 000 

3,000 

h 9, 074 
6, 000 
7,700 
6,000 
7,000 
7,640 
4, 750 

5,000 

4,000 

4,000 

4,000 
13,062 
8,750 



Pints 
0.54 



.13 

.44 

.71 
.34 
.64 
.47 

.48 

.79 
.76 
.65 
.70 
.90 
.99 
.61 

.46 

.60 

.50 

.42 
2.00 
fcl.21 
49 



Galls. 
100 




600 



250 
300 



202 
500 
200 
600 



500 
100 



125 




250 
115 



25 
101 



116 

200 

50 

125 



200 
225 



No. 
45 



200 
53 



40 
100 
200 



410 

700 
350 
350 
201 

500 { 300 

. . . . ! 103 



51 

45 

100 

128 

25 

243 

25 



73,307 4,500 

S.=State control. 

L. = lactometer. G.=gravimetric analysis. 

A portion is consumed by nonresidents. 

Many. 

Besides 2,500 gallons of buttermilk. 

Nearly all. 



No. 
80 



250 
195 



341 
350 



80 

00 

125 

75 

75 

156 
200 
166 
75 
170 
185 
133 

228 

95 

115 

75 
50 
24 
130 



Miles. 
40 



100 
12 
20 

300 
20 

175 
14 

100 

155 

18 

30 

5 



:o 5 1 



Production of 
milk w'thin 
city limits. 



No. 
45 



No. 
3, 500 



300 

85 



100 




446 

60 

1,000 

1,000 

134 

234 
130 
100 
350 
700 
62 
(130 

1,000 

1,100 



100 
20 



B. = Babcock test. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 

ciiie.t (if over 50,000 and ander 100,000 population {Class II). 



31 



1 

3 
U 

6 

S 
'.) 
in 
11 
I-: 

13 
Ik 
15 
16 
17 
18 

19 

JO 

•:i 

22 
23 
2k 
95 


Dairies 
beyond 
city lim- 
its' sup- 
plying 
milk. 


Retail 

price 

milk per 

quart. 


"Model" dairies Milk 
supplying milk, standard. 


Milk 
inspection. 


Examinations of milk samples 
past year. 


5 
o 


I 

? OS 
0^ a; 

c 


a> . 

a 
a 

CO 






Retail price 
per quart. 


3 

c 

1 


t 


o o 

ag 


a 

a) 

.2 "3- 

O 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 


. i *-* 


0) 

a 
a 




a 

3 


oi 

01 


V 

B 

3 
"A 


a 


Ay). 
35 


No. 

35 


CTs. 
5-10 

7 
6-7 

6 

5 
10 

5-0 

5 
5 
6 

4-8 
6 
5 

4-7 
6 
6 
6 

5 

5 

5 

8 

6 

3-6 

6 


Cts.\ 
5-10 

8 1 
7-8 (rf) 

8 


Cts. 


as. 


P.cl. 


P.ct. 
3 


Dolls. 
1,200 


500 

1,500 


No. 
1 


1 

2 



2 
1 

1 
2 


2 

1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 

1 

1 
2 


250 


B. 


10 






1 




171 

200 

350 
15 

78 

54 

100 

10 
500 


35 

200 

(/) 


73 

51 

10 


6-10 


7-10 


12.3 
12 


3.5 
3 


651 

125 

1,250 


770 

215 

1,000 





3,367 

179 

2,972 


L.B. 

L.G. 

G. 


125 





6 
10 

5-7 

6i 

5 

5 

7 

5-9 

6 

6 
4-7 

6 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5-6 

8 

8 

4-8 

8 


Few. 
3 



1 





Few. 

Few. 

1 

Few. 




7 

1 







7 
10 


9 
10 












1,500 

900 

S.300 

1004- 



1,500 

350 

2,329 

2,500 

1,600 

500 

100 

1,600 

S. 

300 
1,200 

s. 



s. 




12 


3 


B. 

L. B. G. 

B. 


35 








6i 


6i 














12 


3 




7 

8 


7 
9 










B.G. 

B. 
B.G. 














7 
7 


7 
7 








800 














900 
575 

1,500 
400 
140 
550 


L. 
B.G. 
L.B. 

B.G. 

B. 

L. 

L.G. 
L. 




























120 

228 

65 

150 

113 
55 


228 
45 


55 












6-8 

7 


6-8 
7 


12. 5 


3 












































150 


30 


3 


6 


8 








100 


L.G. 








(7 4,000 gallons in addition used by oleomargarine factories. 

A Also large quantities of cream and skim milk used by bakers and ice-cream manufacturers. 

i Be.sides 100 private cows. 

j Almost all. 

k Wholesalers and retailers report same milk, 



32 



BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table II. — Statislirs of milk ftupphj mid sv/n'rvisiitv. hi n/l nffln' (40) 





Population according to the 
1900 cen.sus. 


Average 

daily milk 

consumption. 


S 

0) 

ad 
a. 2 

Si 

"3 a 

-DO 

< 


i 

c 

o 

o 

a 

o O 

'3 

0) 

ic 

g 
? 
< 




a 
a 


M 

1 

at 
Xi 
t. 

[2 


1 

£ 

S. 
ft 

s 
a 

o 
o 


Production of 
milk within 
city limits. 




States and cities. 


I 


'3. 

O 

u 

fL, 




U 

ZJ 

1 




New York: 


No. 


Galls. 


Pints. 


Galls. 


Gam. 


No. 


No. 


mirii. 


P.ct 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Albanv 


94, 151 


8, 022 


0.68 


1,468 


213 


105 


188 


62 


■JS 


25 


366 




a« 


Troy (and Lan- 


73,246 


6,000 


.66 


750 






120 


50 


12 








27 


sirigburg). 






Utica 


.')6, 3«3 


5, 000 


.71 


300 


1.50 


60 


210 


10 





5 


50 1 5 


2S 


Ohio: 




























Dayton 


S.'S, 333 


6, 500 


.61 


200 


150 


300 


too 


20 


50 


15 


194 


15 


29 


Oregon: 




























Portland 


90, 42(i 


7, 500 


.66 






25 


150 


s 





45 


240 


20 


30 


Pennsylvania: 






Erie 


52, 733 


3, 600 
2,500 


.54 


250 


1.50 


123 


78 


15 





o 


25 


3 


f!1 


Harrisburg 


50, 167 


.40 


1,000 


125 


12 


75 


15 


8 


o 


20 




32 


Reading 


78, 961 


4,200 


.43 


1,400 


175 


20 


145 


8 













S3 


Wilkesbarre 


51,721 


2,890 


.45 






40 


60 


130 


50 










SI, 


South Carolina: 






Charleston 


55, 807 


720 


n.lO 


8 


1 




6 


5 











35 


Tennessee: 




























Nashville 


80, 865 


6, 802 


.67 






13 


198 


IS 












36 


Texas: 






San Antonio 


53, 321 
























37 


Utah: 
























Salt Lake ("itv ... 


53, 531 


2, 300 


.34 






20 


57 


35 




25 


'' 250 




38 


Virginia: 






Richmond 


85, 050 


4,000 


.38 




100 


100 


1.50 


35 


5 










39 


Washington: 




























Seattle 


SO, 671 


9,200 


.91 


400 


700 


142 


87 


44 


66 


21 


400 


21 


40 


A V (■ ra g e of 


68, 048 


5, 313 


.03 


423 


186 


128 


133 


48 


25 


21 


444 


18 


those report- 


















- 










ing. 





























« Large number of private cows kept and no record of milk sold from these. 
''1,000 gallons are x>roduced by private cows. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 

cities of over 50,000 and under 100,000 population {Class II) — Continued. 



83 



20 

28 

29 

SO 

31 
32 
33 


Dairies 
beyond 
city lim- 
its sup- 
plying 
milk. 


Retail 

price 

milk per 

quart. 


" Model" dairies 
supplying milk. 


Milk 
standard. 


Milk 
inspection. 


Kxam 


nations of milk supplies 
past year. 


3 

o 


1 
f— 1 


u 

a 
a 

3 
CO 


a 


a 

3 
/5 


Retail price 
per quart. 


o 
H 


i 


Estimated an- 
nual cost. 


a 

Oj >> 

.- o 

o 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 


a 
a 


V 


.a 

a 


'5 


i 
a 


-a 


150 
200 

125 

50 

100 
90 
145 

53 

i'.;3 


No. 

125 
37 
15 

100 

53 

1 




as. 

6 
6 

5 

5-6 

5 

5 

5-6 

6 

6 

8 


Cts. 
6 
6 

6 

5-6 

5-71 

5 
6 
6 

8 

8 





3 

3 




1 


Cts. 


cts. 


P.ct. 


p.ct. 


DolU. No. 

S. !---- 


12,000 


L. B. G. 


Few. 












s. 






5 

7 


6 

7 


12 


3 


600 


s. 




50 


L.B.G. 


1 








27 
C 



i 

1 








75 

1,758 


B. G. 
L. B. G. 














7 


7 







185 










121 
350 



2, .570 



55 



( 2,400 
I 117 


L. 
L.B. 




Few. 



6 


8 



















,X 






12.5 




G. 




37 
38 
SO 

1,0 


8 
5 
6 

5 


10 
5 
6 

7 


1 














1,200 






1 




5 


5 


12 


3 


L.B.G. 




150 

16 




76 








12 


3 


B. 

G. 












167 


64 


5.9 


6.6 




6.9 


7.4 






685 


1 


1,076 




7 













25839— No. 46—03 3 



34 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Table III. — Staiistics of milk supply and supervision in {S3) 



States and cities. 



Alabama: 

Birmingliam 

Mobile 

Montgomery 

Arkansas: 

Little Rock 

California: 

Sacramento 

Colorado: 

Pneblo 

Connecticut: 

New Britain 

Waterbury 

Florida: 

Jacksonville 

Georgia: 

Augusta 

Hawaii: 

Honolulu 

Illinois: 

East St. Louis 

Joliet 

Quincy 

Rockford h 

Springfield 

Indiana: 

Fort Wayne 

South Bend 

Terre Haute 

Iowa: 

Cedar Rapids 

Council Bluffs . .. 

Davenport 



SS 



c3 



Dubuque 

Sioux City 

Kansas: 

Topeka 

Kentucky: 

Covington 

Lexington 

Newport 

«S. = State control 

'>L. = Lactometer. 

<-Tu.=Tubercle baci 
Dip.=Diphtlieria. 



No. 
38, 415 
38, 469 
30, 346 

38, 307 

29, 282 

28, 157 

25, 998 
45, 859 

28, 429 

39,411 

39, 306 

29. 655 
29, 353 
36, 252 
31,051 
34, 1.59 

45, 11.- 
35, 99f 

36, 678 

25. 656 
25, 802 

35, 254 

36,297 
33, 111 



42, 938 
26, 369 
28, 301 



Average 

daily milk 

consumption 



Galls. 
2,000 



''.540 

1,300 

3,000 

5,000 

1,.500 
5,000 

1,200 

'1 600 

rf 1,000 



2,400 
1,-500 



2,500 

2,480 
1,000 
1,000 

1,500 
1,600 



Pints 
0.42 



.14 

.26 

.82 

el. 42 

.46 

.87 

.34 
.12 
.20 



a. 2 

So. 

a 



Galls. 



50 
3.50 200 



50 
2.50 



10 
2.50 



Q 15 
l,0f)O .500 



40 



. 47 400 
.49 50 



1,425 .31 
4,. 500 » 1.09 



i, 000 . 48 



3, .500 
2, 000 



.65 
.61 



500 



200 
250 

150 





Few. 

15 

10 


130 

75 

1 

3 



140 
10 



No. 
100 
35 
25 

40 

55 

40 

30 

125 



106 
35 
25 

40 
31 



50 



Miles 

50 

6 

8 



P.ct 
10 






12 
7 33 



10; 



9. 
7 



Production of 
milk within 
city limits. 



No. 
20 



No. 
300 



14 

250 



No 
20 



3,000 



175 




63 
297 



200 
300 



610 
60 



B. = Babcock test. li.=Gravi 
Ty. = Typlioid fever b 



metri( 
acilli. 



analysis. 
l'.=Pus cells. Pa. 



= Pathogenic bacteria. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDKED CITIES. 
citiea of over 26,000 and under 50,000 population {Class III). 



35 



1 

3 

U 

5 

6 

7 
8 

9 

10 

11 

U 
15 

n 

15 
16 

17 
IS 
19 

W 
21 

23 
2U 

25 

26 

27 
28 


Dairies 
beyond 
eity lim- 
its sup- 
plying- 
milk. 


Retail 

price 

milk per 

quart. 


"Model" dairies 
supplying milk. 


Milk 
standard. 


Milk 
inspection. 


Examinations of milk samples 
past year. 


"3 


P. 

a 
t— ( 


a 

D 
02 




g 


Retail price 
per quart. 


2 
1 

o 


i 


P 


a 

— . a> 

o 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 


s 

a 

in 





'A 




a 


, c 

2 


90 
35 
19 

40 

36 

17(?) 

30 
250 

35 

20 


No. 

40 



19 


Cts. 
8 
10 
10 


Ctn. 

s 

lU 
10 


2 




Cts. 
9 


Cts. 
10 


P.ct. 

12.5 


p.ct. 
3 


Dolls. 

1,000 



1,000 



1,300 

1,000 


1,000 


No. 
1 


1 



1 
1 



1 


500 


L.B.G. 










12.5 


3 


864 


L. B. G. 


Sev- 
eral. 


Tu. 








36 
17 

250 

35 




7 
6 

6-7 

5 

10 
4-6i 
10-15 


7 

7 

7-8 
7 

10 

61-71 

10-15 








12 


3.2 


1,200 
.f344 


B. 

L.B.c;. 





















t 




















1,000 

185 



/700 


B.L.G. 
L.B. 


2 





Ty. 






12 


3 
















- 






1,660 2 


L.B.G. 























40 
20 


40 


5 
5 


5 
5 











3 






300 


L. 








































28 

H4 
25 
34 

5(?) 
5L 
4C 


13 

84 

34 




52 














12 
12 


3 
3.5 


389 

700 

28 

500 


L.B. 

B. 

Preserv. 
B.preserv. 

B. 
B. 
B. 
G. 
B. 
B. 

B. 

L. B. 


























5 6 




1 















5 

4-5 
5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6-8 
5 


5 

4-5 
6 

5 


10 


10 






1,200 
S. 150 


1 






3 





1 " 














s. 


1 


f 1,000 

1 5 

5,000 

720 

400 

372 












! 
600 •> 




5 





. . 








S.144 
S.144 

1,000 


1 

1 

1 




6 

5-6i 1 

6-8 1 












150 

31 
3. 




31 





8 


8 


12 


3 




6i 


t 

































rf Large number of private cows kept and milk sold; no record. 

e Claim population is 47,9.55. 

/Samples examined in 9 months. 

(/Claim population is over 35,000. 

ft No inspector and no records; can get no facts. 



36 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table III. — Statistics of milk supply and supervision in {83) 



States and cities. 



Massachusetts: 

Brockton 

Chelsea 

Fitchburj; 

Gloucester . . . 

Haverhill 

Holyoke 

Maiden 

Newton 

Salem 

Taunton 

Michigan: 

Bay City 

Jackson City. 

Saginaw 

Missouri: 

Joplin 

Montana: 

■ Butte 

Nebraska: 

Lincoln 

South Omaha 
New Jersey: 

Atlantic City 

Bayonne 

Passaic 

New York: 

Auburn 

Binghamton . 

Elmira 

Schenectady . 

Yonkers 

Ohio: 

Akron 

Canton 

Springfield . . . 
Youngstown . 
Pennsylvania; 
Allentown . .. 
Altoona 



o 



Average 

daily milk 

consumption. 



No. 
40, 063 
34, 072 

31,531 
26, 121 
37, 175 
45, 712 
33, 664 
33, 687 
35, 956 
31,036 

27, 628 
25, 180 
42, 345 

26, 023 



40, 169 
26, 001 

27, 838 
32, 772 

27, 777 

30, 345 
39, 647 
35, 672 
31,682 
47,931 

42, 728 



30, 667 
38, 253 
44,885 

35, 416 



Galls. - 
3,200 
3,800 

4, 541 
2,300 
3,290 
4,373 
3,000 
5,275 
4,200 
2,532 

3,000 

1,745 



3,000 
1,108 



1,800 



3,000 
2, .520 
5, 000 
2,000 
4,000 

3,000 



2,000 



2,000 



38, 973 3, 500 . 72 



Pints 

0.64 

.89 

1.15 
.70 
.71 
.77 
.71 

1.25 
.93 
.65 

.87 
.55 



.79 

.51 

1.12 

.51 

.67 



a. 2 



Oalls. 
50 
100 





488 



1,000 



2,000 
30 



50 
215 



Galls. 
40 
40 

45 
125 



200 
60 



50 
250 



40 
100 



No. 
150 
179 

99 
124 
120 
172 

95 
140 

80 

26 

8 
60 



30 
130 



Nu. 

150 

46 



100 
136 

45 
130 

61 
135 

28 
52 



(?) 
27 



100 
34 
56 



Miles. 
16 



50 
40 
100 



P.ct 




50 



Production of 

milk within 

city limits. 



a 



No. 
41 
15 

34 
50 
120 
78 
25 
41 
6 
77 



Q 



No. 
584 
140 

404 
700 

1,000 
858 
183 

1,170 
185 
810 

40 
55 



125 
122 



170 
20 

648 



o Nearly all. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 

citieit of over 25,000 and under 50,000 population (Class III) — Continued. 



37 





Dairies 
beyond 
city lim- 
its sup- 
plying 
milk. 


Retail 

price 

milk per 

quart. 


" Model " dairies 
supplying milk. 


Milk 
standard. 


Milk 
inspection. 


Examination of milk 
past year.* 


samples 




3 

o 




u 

a 
a 

02 


a 


i 

a 


Retail price 
per quart. 


2 
"o 

o 

^1 


'S 


al 

■■2 ^ 

to 

W 


a 
Is 

3 ft 
o 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 




a 
a 




a 

12; 


o 


25 




?'9 


No. 
20 


20 


as. 

6 
4-7 

6 

6-7 
6 
5 
C 
7-8 
6-7 
6 


6 

5-8 

6 

6-7 

6 

6 

7 

7-8 

7-8 

6 


1 


Few. 


Cts. 
6 


6 


P.ct. 


p.ct. 


Dolls. 
100 
225 

300 (?) 
150 
150 
500 
300 

601.39 
S. 
.50 


1 

1 

2 
1 
1 


25 
1,058 

25 

275 
260 
475 
1,562 








an 






Lacto- 

scope. 

L. 




4 




31 


58 





6 


6 


12 


3 


Ty.Dip. 


SS 


125 
300 


39 


Few. 

Few. 

1 

Few. 



6 

7 


6 

8 






L.B. 

B. 

G. 
L.G. 









sr, 








.w 








sr, 


(53 
20 


.... 


8 
7-8 


8 
7-8 






Tu. Ty. 


,ST 






ss 






1 


7 

bl68 
220 


L. 

B. 
B.G. 










a<i 


27 
59 


27 
59 






12.5 


3 




/,o 


5 


5 










1 




f,i 
















/,'^ 


22 

35 

25 
22 


35 



22 


5 

10 

7 
5-6 

8 


5 

10 

8 
6 

8 


5 


5 


5 






S. 


1 
1 

1 




350 


411 








/„«( 






B. 







/,/, 


4 

2 

Few. 


7 
6 

8 


8 
6 

8 







1,000 




45 


12 


3 


L.B.G. 







/,7 






12 


3 





160 








/,S 


50 





5-8 

5 
5 
5 

5 

5-7 

5 

5 

5-6 

6 

6 
6 


5-8 

5 
5 

5 

6 

6-7 

6 

5 
5-6 

8 

6 

7 


1 








1 


L. 
B. 






6 



■ 

43 






1,9 














no 


Few. 
4 

3 




5-6 
5 


5-6 
5 










1 




.')/ 


150 
54 
60 


150 


6 

54 






500 
123 

580 


L. 
L. 
G. 

L. and 
lacto- 
scope. 
L. 




,5ff 










53 

5/, 


8-10 


8-10 


12 


3 


2,500 
300 

700 


2 
1 

■> 


P. • 


55 












5fi 






2 
Few. 


6 
6 


6 

8 









1 




57 


40 









100 


109 

40 
36 


B. 


12 




nn 











69 










1 




&. 




' 





Samples examined in 9 months. 



38 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table III. — Statistics of milk supplii a ml siipcrrlslou in {83) 



• 


o 
to 

SS 
|S 

a. 


Aver 

daily 

consnm 


age 
milk 
stion . 

i 

u 

O) 

Oh 


a. 2 

3"S. 

".§ 

"2 a 
•a o 

o 
il 

< 


a 

a 
o 
o 

i. 
II 

'3 
•o 

0) 

ho 
g 

< 


1 


c 
o 


13 

a 

o 

a 

a 


1 

OJ 

ft 
.2* 

a 

o 

1 


Production of 
milk within 
city limits. 


60 
61 
62 
63 
6U 
65 
66 

67 

6S 
69 

70 
71 

73 
73 
7h 
75 

76 

77 
78 

.79 

80 
81 
82 
83 


states and cities. 




o 


IP 

Is 


Pennsylvania — Ctrl 


.Yo. 
33, 988 
•25,238 
35, 936 
41,459 
34, 227 
28, 339 
28,757 

33, 708 

39, 231 
28,204 

30, 154 

32. 637 

42. 638 
26,688 
37, 789 
44,633 

46, 624 

36,848 
37, 714 

38, 878 

28,895 
28,284 
29, 102 
31,091 


Qalls. 
1,625 


Pints. 
0.38 


Galls. 
600 


Galh. 


No. 
28 


No. 
59 


Miles. 
10 


P.ct 
6 


No. 


No. 


No. 


































Lancaster 

McKeesport 


1,800 

2,000 

700 

875 

1,350 
2,955 


.35 
.47 
.20 
.24 

.32 

.60 




50 


12 


96 

50 
75 
90 

40 

125 


H 

5 

7 

50 

8 

5 


3 


14 




28 
15 

4 






58 
30 


28 


150 


150 


75 
14 

25 

SO 


Williamsport 

York 


25 


4 


150 
75 


25 


Rhode Island: 
Pawtucket 










Tennessee: 
Chattanooga" — 














































Texas: 
Dallas 


5,250 


.98 




3 


175 


8 












Fort Worth <« 





















29 
6 


10 



10 
19 


50 

269 


8 
19 


Houston 


3,800 


.68 


100 


200 


3 


109 


Virginia: 


Washington: 
Spokane 


2,600 


.54 




200 


8 


45 


50 




6 


200 


6 




West Virginia: 

Wheeling 

Wisconsin: 


4,000 
1,000 


.82 
.28 


100 


400 
100 


140 
50 


120 
30 


30 
2 


33 



10 


100 














1,800 


.49 


100 


50 


20 
2 


40 
40 


8 
140 






27 






Superior ......... 


400 


27 












Average of 
those re- 
porting. 


34,216 


2,608 


.58 


265 


118 


46 


64 


20 


12 


21 


355 


31 



a No inspectors and no records; can get no facts. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 39 

citien of over 25,000 and under 50,000 j)opulation {Class III). — Continued. 



60 
61 
62 
63 
61, 
65 
66 

67 

6S 
69 

70 
71 

7^2 
73 
7U 
75 

76 

77 
78 

79 

80 
81 
82 
83 


Dairies 
beyond 
city lim- 
its sup- 
plying 
milk. 


Retail 

price 

milk per 

quart. 


"Model" dairies 
supplying milk. 


Milk 
standard. 


Milk 
inspection. 


Examinations of milk samples 
past year. 


si 
O 

H 


a 


m 

a 
a 

3 


-2 

c 


a 

3 


Retail price 
per quart. 


1 

3 

o 
H 




ll 


a 

.So. 
o 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 


0) 

a 

a 

m 


tH 

B 

a 


Lh' 

Xi 

a 


1 


a 


4 

5 


No. 
70 


No. 


as. 

6 


Cts. 

8 




Cts. 


Cts. 


P.c<. 


P.rf. 


Dolls. 































































145 
12 

75 
127 

28 

200 


80 


5-6 


5-6 


10 


.5-6 


5-6 






8 





505 


73 



300 


L. B. 




















127 



1 


6 
5 

5 

5-6 


7 
6 

5 

6-7 


















1 



1 






3 


2 


5 


6 


L. Or. 
gauge. 









400 




7 


7 






L. G. 





































































150 


150 


4-5 


4-5 


















L. 





















1 








128 



128 


15 
5 


15 

5- 













960 





4,775 

















12 


3.2 


L.B. 















6 


8 













650 
206 


B. 
B. 




















125 
16 




6 
5 


S 
5 




1 


















6 


6 





























50 





5 


5 

















10 


L.B. 

















































65 


37 


6.2 


6.7 




6.8 


7 






421 


1 


521 




2 













40 



BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. 



Table IV. — Statistics of milk supply and superifimon in {S9) 



States and cities. 



California: 

Alameda 

San Jose 

Colorado: 
Colorado Springs. 

Trinidad 

Illinois: 

Aurora 

Evanston 

Moline 

Ottawa 

Indiana: 

Richmond 

Iowa: 

Burlington 

Clinton 

Keokuk 

Marshalltown 

Ottumwa 

Maine: 

Belfast 

Lewiston 

Waterville 

Massachusetts: 

Melrose 

North Adams 

North Attleboro.. 

Wakefield 

Woburn 

Michigan: 

Battlecreek 

Lansing 

New Jersey: 

Montclair 

New Brunswick. . 
New York: 

Lockport 



Mount Vernon... 

Rome 

Watertown 



No. 
16,464 
21, 500 

21, 085 
5, 345 

24, 147 
19, 259 
17, 248 
10, 588 

18, 226 

23,201 
22, 698 
14, 641 
11,544 

18,197 

4, 615 

23, 761 

9,477 

12, 962 

24. 208 

7,253 

9, 290 

14, 254 

18, 563 
16,485 

13, 962 
20, 006 

16, 581 

21, 228 
15, 343 
21, 696 



Average 

daily milk 

consumption 



Galls. 
1,760 

2,512 

1,800 
500 

1,500 

1,500 

577 

600 

1,250 

1,600 

1,000 

500 

800 

606 

300 

1,800 

800 

800 

2, 000 

885 

800 

1,032 

1,.400 
1,000 



1,250 

• 900 

3,000 
1,000 
2,400 



Pints. 
0.86 
d.93 

.68 
.75 

.50 
.62 
.27 
.45 

.55 

.55 
.35 
.27 
.55 

/.27 

..52 
.61 



.49 
.66 



.58 



.60 
.49 



.49 
.50 



M.18 
.52 



a. 2 



50 



100 



30 
100 
15 

20 



100 



750 



Galls. 
100 



150 



No. 
21 
40 

19 


14 

10 

1 





No. 
38 
100 

28 
10 

43 
40 
34 
15 



Miles. 
45 

7 

14 
3 



400 
6 



Production of 
milk within 
citv limits. 



W 



No. 
11 
3 

1 


2 
7 
1 
3 



No. 
62 
40 



40 

400 

30 

25 



1,200 



35 
!;12 



125 



150 
377 
275 
343 



100 
65 



aS=State control. 

6 L= Lactometer. B=Babcock test. G=Gravimetric analysis. 
cTu=Tubercle bacilli. Ty=Typhoid bacilli. B'd corp.=blood coipuscles. 

rf 3,768 gallons brought to city daily, but about one-third goes to suburbs not included in the popu. 
lation of San Jos6. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 
cities and toums of less tluin 25,000 population {Class IV). 



41 



1 

3 
i 

5 
6 

7 
8 

•J 

> 


Dairie.s 
beyond 
citv lim- 
it.^ sup- 
plying 
milk. 


Retail 

price 

milk per 

qtiart. 


" Model " dairies 
.supplying milk. 


Milk 
standard. 


Milk 
inspection. 


Kxaminations uf milk samples 
past year. 


"3 
o 


p. 

0) 

g. 
c 


a 

a . 




i 

a 

3 


Retail price 
per quart. 


2 
o 

o 


i 


a 

■CM 

a 3 


a 

-^^ 

O 


For compo-sition. 


For bacteria. 


a 
a 

3 
U2 




a 

3 


■d 

o 
x: 


0) 

£> 

a 

3 
'A 


a 
5 


No. 
23 
127 

17 


No. 
23 
127 

8 


as. 

61 

5 

ep 

15-81 

6| 

5 
6 

5 
5 

5 

5 
5 
5 
.4-5 
5 

6 
5 

5-7 
5 
6 
6 
6 

5 

5 

7-12 
4-6 

5 

7-15 
4 
5 


as. 

6S 

5 

ep 

5-8i 

6| 

5 

7-10 

5 

6 

(i 
5 

5-6 
6 

6 
6 
6 

5-7 
6 
6 
6 
6 

5 
5 

7-12 

5-8 

6 

8-15 
5 

5 


5 
Few. 

3 


1 
2 



Few. 









4 

6 
Few. 


Few. 




as. 

7^ 
5 

6i 


as. 

5 


12.5 
13 

12 
12 

12 
13 


P.ct. 

3i 

3 
3 

3 
3 


Bolls. 

1,200 

600 


No. 
1 
1 

1 


925 

175 

8 

314 
40 

332 
13 

38 

600 
4,000 
432 
500 
676 

150 
300 
160 

36 
300 
150 
154 

25 

560 
41 

166 
3,500 

r 40 

i 1,000 

40 

106 

850 


L.B.G. 
B. 

G. 
B.L.G. 

B.L. 

B. L. G. 

B. 

B.L. 

B. 

B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 

B. L. G. 

B. L. G. 

B.L. 

L.G. 

B. 

B. 
B.G. 
L.G. 

B.L. 
B.L. 

B.L.G. 
B. 

B. 

L. 

L.B.G. 

L.B. 
L.B.G. 


20 


3 


15 







1 










4 
166 

} » 

275 




Bd. Corp. 
Ty. Tu. 


100 
37 
30 
13 

36 

12 

30 


1 


25 
24 
11 

36 




12 

8 


12 
10 


300 


1 
2 


Tu. 










400 
150 

S. 

s. 

S.126 
S.llO 

s. 

50 
200 
100 

100 
100 
200 
150 
100 

130 
900 

300 

s. 
s. 

500 
400 
750 


1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
2 
1 

1 

1 

2 

1 
9. 




5 


5 














, 












1 ' 












li 

15 
16 
17 

IS 
10 
20 

21 

22 

23 
2k 


12 
20 

30 
50 
39 

25 
75 

8 


1 

30 
10 
39 

75 




















Tv. 






















7 
5 


6 

7 
6 


























7 


7 


















• 

70 
45 

24 
55 

22 

90 
36 
37 


70 
45 

24 

12 

90 
36 

37 


• 




12. 5 


3 










Tu. 


6 
1 



4 



8-12 
6 


8-12 
8 






















28 
$0 


8-15 


8-15 


12 


3 


Ty. 













« Pasteurized. 

/ Large number of people keep private cows, and some sell milk to neighbors. 

(/There are also about 200 cows kept by private families. 

h Large amount used in institutions, population of which is not counted in the city. 



42 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table IV. — Statistics of milk supply and supermsion in {39) 





0) 

o 

be 

G ^ 

O C 
V 0) 

■s 

1 

o 


Average 

daily milk 

consumption. 


a 
a. 2 

3 P. 

M 

3 a 

> 
< 


P. 

a 
i 

i 

o o 
'S 


S 


03 


•6 

p. 
p. 

p 

1 
1 

1 


1 

.P 

-o 
a> 

P. 
P. 

a 

o 

o 
o 

Ph 


Production of 

milk within 

city limits. 




States and cities. 


o 
H 


■p. 


'6 

u 


.3 
% 

8 


1 

ll 

aj 
W 


Ohio: 


No. 


Galls. 


Pints. 


Galls. 


Galls. 


iVo. 


A'o. 


Miles. 


P.C< 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Fostoria 


7,730 
23, 914 

8,529 


400 
1,027 


.41 
.34 


25 


10 


10 
46 


8 
32 


3 
6 





1 
21 


125 

73 


1 

13 


31 

ftf. 






645 


.60 


20 


20 


1 


11 


15 


3 


1 


24 


1 


3S 


Pennsylvania: 




17, 628 
10, 291 
9,196 


1,500 

875 


.68 
.68 


200 


300 





45 
30 


8 
4 





15 


60 


12 


S5 




Phoenixville 


725 


.63 


30 


10 


3 


37 


5 




7 


60 




36 


Wisconsin: 




























Green Bay 


18, 684 


600 


a. 26 




60 


1 


28 


8 





8 


120 


8 


37 


Marinette 


16, 196 


464 


a. 23 




12 


3 


23 


96 


10 


8 


bl05 


8 


38 


Waukesha . 


7,419 


395 


.43 








15 


3 





2 


40 




39 










Average of 


15, 728 


1,112 .57 


109 


68 


15 


34 


25 


6 


12 


136 


11 


those re- 




























porting. 





























a Large number of people keep private cows, and some sell milk to neighbors. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 
citk'K and taints (>//e.s.s thwt. ^3,000 ]>opHlation {Class JV) — Continued. 



43 





Dairies 
beyond 


Retail 














city lim- 


price 


" Model " dairies 


Milk 


Milk 


Examinations of milk 


samples 




its sup- 


milk per 


supplying- milk. 


standard. 


inspection. 


past year. 






plying 


quart. 














milk. 
















1 








Retail price 
per (jjiart. 








a 

MT3 


For composition. 


For bacteria. 
















































0) * 


u 






h 




'^ 










X 








1 


a 


a 
a 


o 
fl 
? 


0) 

a 

3 


a 
a 




3 


H 




a| 


— O 

o 


1 
55 




a 


S ■ 


A'b. 


No. 


Cts. 


as. 




«s. Cfe. 


P. c<. 


P.ct. 


Dolls. 


iVo. 










31 
32 

33 


G 
20 

16 


6 
16 

IG 


5 
6 

5 


6 


5 


2 


5 


C i 7 






200 


1 


108 
162 

\ ' 
I 123 


L.B.G. 
L.B.G. 

G. 

B. 


3 
2 

} « 








Tu. 


5 5 



















fif, 


GO 





G 


6 











100 




70 


B. 







S5 
36 

37 
38 
39 


30 
5.5 

15 
13 


30 
8 

20 
15 


6 

5 

5 
5 
6 


6 
5 

5 

G 







12.5 
12.5 

12 
12 


3.5 
3 

3 
3 


200 
100 


1 


97G 
49G 

12 
82 
350 


L.B. 
L. 

L. B. G. 
L.B. 
L.B. 






3 
















, 


150 


1 
1 








Tu. 













38 


29 


5.G 


G 




7.1 


7.G 






282 


1 


471 




16.4 













?< There are also about 200 cows kept by private families. 



44 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table V. — State standard.^ for milk, skimmed milk, and cream. 





Milk. 


Skimmed milk. 


Cream. 


States. 


Total 
solids. 


Solids 
not fat. 


Fat. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Total 
solids. 


Solids 
not fat. 


Fat. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Fat. 


District of Columbia 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 
9 

8.5 

9 

9.3 
9 


Per ct. 
3.5 
3.5 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3.5 
3.7 

3 

3 

3.5 

3 

3 

3.5 

3 




Per ct. 
9.3 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 




Per ct. 
20 


Georgia 




8.5- 


3.5 






Illinois a 


12 








&15 


Indiana 














Iowa 


12.6 

12 

12 

12.5 

13 

12 

12.5 
13 
12 












15 


Kentuekv 












15 


Maine 














Maryland 














Massachusetts 






9.3 








April-Septem- 
ber 












Michigan 


1. 029-1. 033 








1.032-1.037 




Minnesota 








20 


Montana <• 


1.025 












Nebraska 










15 


New Hampshire 


13 

12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
11.5 


9.5 
9 














April-Septem- 
ber 






9 








New Jersev 












New York'i 




3 
3 
3 














North Dakota 












15 


Ohiod 














May-June 

Oregon 














12 

12.5 

12 


9 

8.5 


3 
3 

2.5 
3 














Pennsylvania e 


1.029-1.033 






/2.5 


1.032-1.037 




Rhode Island 








South Carolina 














Utah 








9 








Vermont 


12.5 
12 


9.25 


94 












May-June 














Washington •. . . 


8 


3 
3 












18 


Wisconsin 






















1 











"Condensed milk shall be made from milk containing at least the legal standard of 3 per cent 
butter fat and evaporated to one-third or less of its original volume. ' 

6 Coffee cream shall contain at least 15 per cent of fat, and whipping cream 22 per cent fat. 

c Applies to cities with a population over 5,000. 

din New York and Ohio the milk solids of conden.sed milk shall be in quantity the equivalent of 
12 per cent of milk solids in crude milk, of which solids 25 per cent shall be fat. 

e Milk and skimmed milk standards refer to cities of second and third class. 

f Six per cent cream by volume. 

g As basis for payment at factories. 



SHORT STATEMENTS REGARDING THE MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES AND 

TOWNS. 

In the following pages are given briefly and in narrative form such 
statistical and other general information as it has been possible to collect 
in the course of this inquiry regarding the milk suppl}^ of every one of 
the 161 cities in the United States having a population of over 25,000, 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWp HUNDRED CITIES. 45 

according to the census for 1900, and of 39 others selected fi'om the 
large number of smaller cities and towns. The data thus given show, 
therefore, the conditions as reported by 200 representative cities and 
towns in the United States. 

The cities and towns of each State are grouped together in the 
order of their size; and those in each group are preceded by a general 
account for the entire State whenever there are facts of interest which 
apply to the S^ate as a whole. This latter includes an abstract of 
State laws relating to milk, and a few words to show what has been 
done under these laws by the State authorities. 

The statement for each city and town includes the following infor- 
mation, or so much of it as has been obtainable: First, the name and 
title of the official most closely connected with the supervision of the 
milk suppl}^; second, general statistics — the amount of milk used, the 
way it is handled, the prices for which the producers and retailers sell 
it, and the number and location of herds supplying it; third, an 
abstract of the local ordinances, regulations, etc., relating to the milk 
supplj^ (care has been taken to give in considerable detail the require- 
ments of the milk ordinances in all cities of Class I, but in others many 
of the ordinar}^ requirements are omitted or barely referred to); fourth, 
a summar}^ of the work done by the authorities in the supervision of 
the milk suppl}'^ — the amount of money expended for this purpose, 
the number of officials employed, and numbers of inspections of 
dairies, and chemical and bacteriological examinations of milk; fifth, 
mention of a few ways in which recent improvement of the milk sup- 
ply has been shown, if at all, and suggestions for further improvement; 
and, sixth, additional matter of interest, whenever supplied, such as 
the results of special investigations. With very few exceptions, every 
statement is based wholly upon reports received from the official 
named in connection with it. 

ALABAMA. 

This 8tate has no milk law. 

Mobile. (Population, .38,469.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

D. T. Rogers, clerk of the board of health. 

Milk is sold from 8 stores and 35 wagons. A portion of the milk is delivered in 
glass bottles, which are filled at the farms. The retail price is 10 cents per quart 
throughout the year. There are no ' ' model dairies ' ' near the cit3^ Milk is supplied 
from 35 dairy farms, all within a radius of 6 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. 

Birmingham. (Population, 38,415.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

W. B. Fleming, chief inspector of meat and milk. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,000 gallons, or an average of 0.42 
pint per capita. Milk is sold from 2 stores and 100 wagons. About 50 per cent of 



46 BUREAU OF A]S:iMAL INDUSTRY. 

the milk is delivered in glass bottles, which are iisually filled at the farms. The 
retail price of milk is 8 cents per quart in summer and 9 cents in winter. The milk 
from 2 "model dairies" is sold for 9 cents per quart in summer and 10 cents in 
winter. Within the city limits there are 20 herds, including 300 cows, and milk is 
sent in from 90 dairy farms. About 10 per cent is received by railway, the longest 
shipment being 50 miles. 

An ordinance adopted in September, 1899, regulates the sale of milk in the city. 
License for supplying milk is as follows: For 10 or fewer cows, $5; over 10 cows, $10; 
but private families keeping not more than 2 cows may sell the surplus milk to their 
neighbors without license. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. Cows producing 
milk for the city must be tested with tuberculin. The milk standard is 12.5 per 
cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and a specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. 
Skimmed milk must contain 9 per cent milk solids not fat. 

One thousand dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk sup- 
ply, one milk* inspector giving his entire time to this work. In the past three 
months 500 samples were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric 
analysis; all the city herds and 40 of the 90 dairy farms were inspected. 

The inspector states that better sanitary conditions should obtain at dairies, and 
more care should be exercised in feeding milch cows. 

Montgomery. (Population, 30,346.) 

[For comparison with otlicr cities in Class III, see p. 31.] 

W. L. Stewart, milk inspector. 

John L. Harley, clerk of the sanitary department. 

The amount of milk sold daily is estimated as 540 gallons, or 0.14 pint per capita, 
besides 20 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. In explanation of this 
low consumption of milk, it is stated that nearly half of the families in the city keep 
their own cows and sell milk. This milk is not included in the above estimate. 
Milk is sold from no stores, but from 25 wagons. Only a limited quantity of milk is 
delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farms. None is pasteurized. 
The retail price of milk is 10 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers sell- 
ing direct to the consumers. No dairy near the city is conducted in an entirely sat- 
isfactory manner. ]\Iilk is supplied from one herd of 14 cows within the city limits, 
and 19 herds (537 cows) on farms within a radius of 8 miles. 

Milk ordinances adopted in September, 1896, regulate the sale of milk. All per- 
sons selling or supplying milk must take out an annual license, at the rate of $5 for 
10 cows or under, and |10 for any number exceeding 10 cows, l)ut persons who keep 
not more than 2 cows for family use and sell the surplus milk to neighbors are 
exempt from license. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. Cows producing milk 
to be used in the city must be free from dangerous disease, and must be tested with 
tuberculin. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and specific 
gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. Skimmed milk standard is 9 per cent 
milk solids not fat. 

One thousand dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. 
A milk chemist and inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the past 
year 864 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimet- 
ric analysis, besides tests for coloring matter and preservatives; several examinations 
were made for tubercle bacilli. The cows at 17 dairy farms were tested with tuber- 
culin, and all dairies were examined once a month as to sanitation, food, manner of 
handling milk, etc. 

Recently there has been an improvement in the »'haracter of the milk supply and 
in the sanitary condition of dairies. It is ))eliev('d that more sanitary dairy build- 
ings are needed. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 47 

ARIZONA. 

This Territory has no milk law. 

ARKANSAS. 

This State has no milk law. 

Little Rock. (Population, .38,307.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

R. B. Christian, secretary of the State board of health. 

The amount of milk sold daily is about 1,300 gallons, or 0.26 pint per capita. In 
explanation of this small consumption of milk, it is stated that a large proportion of 
the city families keep their own milch cows, whose product is not included in the 
above figures. Milk is sold from a few stores and about 40 wagons. Within the 
city there are 25 herds, including 250 cows, and milk is sent in from 40 dairy farms, 
the most distant being 12 miles from the city. 

The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. 

CALIFORNIA. 

J. M. Thomas, agent and secretary of the State dairy bureau, San Francisco. 

Statutes of 1899 — chapter 136 refers to milk. No person shall sell impure milk or 
cream, or milk that is from cows fifteen days before or five days after parturition, or 
milk from cows that are diseased or fed unwholesome food. It is the duty of the 
State dairy bureau to inspect any dairy complained of as having diseased cows or 
being in an insanitary condition, and the bureau may require changes at places 
inspected. The State veterinarian may order the slaughter of diseased animals at 
the expense of owners. County district attorneys shall prosecute offenders. 

Statutes and amendments to the Codes, extra session, 1900-1901, page 324: The use 
of incorrect glassware, Babcock testers, etc., in determining the richness of milk or 
cream as a basis for payment therefor is prohibited. 

The State exercises no supervision over the milk sup]ily of cities. 

San Francisco. (Population, 342,782.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

Adolph Sutro, president of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 25,000 gallons, or 0.58 pint per 
capita. It is estimated, also, that the city consumes daily 500 gallons of skimmed 
milk and 1,500 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 173 stores and 350 wagons. 
Glass bottles are used by large dealers in the delivery of about one-fourth of the total 
milk supply; they are filled in the city. Practically no pasteurized milk is used. 
The retail price of milk is 5 to 7 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers 
receiving 2 to 3 cents. There are no dairies near the city which could be classed as 
"model dairies." Within the city there are 196 herds, including 5,880 cows, and 
milk is sent into the city from 300 dairy farms, the longest shipment being 60 miles. 

The milk ordinance of January, 1896, gives authority to the board of health to 
regulate the milk supply. Some of the princii^al requirements of the ordinance and 
regulations are as follows: Each person selling milk in the city must have a permit. 
This is issued without cost by the board of health only after certain detailed informa- 
tion regarding the source of the milk and the conduct of the proposed business has 
been filed; it is revocable for cause. A permit is required for every place where 
milk is sold. Each person holding a permit must file at least once a year a detailed 
statement containing data similar to that in the application. Permit number shall 



48 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

be prominently displayed wherever milk is sold. The ordinance forbids the sale of 
impure, etc., milk, including milk from cows fifteen days before or five days after 
calving; milk from cows given unwholesome food or water, or kept in insanitary 
condition, or affected with disease; milk to which any water or other substance has 
been added, or from which any cream has been removed; milk that is drawn from 
cows or by milkers that are unclean; and milk containing less than 12 percent 
solids, or 3.2 per cent fat. Swill, garbage, or milk diluent must not be carried in 
delivery wagons. The board of health must oci-asiorially have inspected all dairies 
from which milk is brought into the city. Owners of dairies must report conditions 
which might render milk impure. The sale of condensed milk, buttermilk, or sour 
milk is permitted if from pure milk; the proportion of solids in condensed milk must 
be equivalent to 12 per cent solids in crude milk and 26.5 per cent of them nuist be 
fat. Market inspectors are required to visit, twice a month, all dairies in the city 
and county and they are requested to visit milk ranches at least once a month. In 
certain parts of the city no person may keep more than 2 cows. 

The ordinance section concerning carrying swill on milk-delivery vehicles is given 
in Appendix I (p. 180). 

The city makes no sj^ecial appropriation for the supervision of its milk supply, nor 
is any officer designated to give his entire time to this work. During the past year 
464 samples of milk were examined for specific gravity and fat by lactometer and 
Babcock test, checks being occasionally made by the Westphal balance, butyro- 
refractometer, and gravimetric analysis; 3 samples were examined bacteriological ly — 
2 for tubercle and 1 for typhoid bacilli; none of the city dairies or dairy farms 
sending milk to the city have been inspected. 

Jt is not stated that the milk supply has recently shown any marked improvement. 
Liberality in providing funds for the health department to carry on a thorough 
inspection of dairies is recommended. It is also urged that milk users be more 
particular as to the character of the milk delivered to them. 

Iios Angeles. (Population, 102,479.) 
[For comparison with otlier cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

George W. Hood, milk inspector. 

The amount of milk sold daily is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 0.35 pint per capita, 
besides 150 gallons of cream and a very small amount of skimmed milk. These 
figures do not include the milk produced by town cows and not sold, hence the 
average daily consumption is greater than 0.35 jjint per capita. Milk is sold in nearly 
all grocery stores and in many of the fruit stores, and is served from 112 wagons. 
Glass bottles are used largely in the delivery of milk, being filled only at the dairies. 
It is estimated that about 1,000 gallons of milk is i)asteurized daily, the practice 
having increased since the use of formalin was stopped. The retail price of millcis 5 
cents per quart, both summer and winter, and the price paid the producer is just half 
that amount. There is only one "model dairy," which receives 7^ cents per quart 
throughout the year for its product. Within the city limits there are 25 dairy herds, 
including about 500 head. Milk is sent into the city from 2,000 cows, on about 75 
dairy farms. About 5 per cent of the i^iilk supply is received by rail, the longest 
shipment being 20 miles. 

City milk ordinance (No. 6492), adojited in March, 1901, requires all milk or 
cream dealers to have an annual permit, granted by the board of health free of 
charge. Dairies, cows, cow sta])les, milk houses, milk vessels, and vehicles, whether 
within the city limits or not, must be subject to inspection by a board of health 
ofiicer. Milk must be reduced to 00° F. before it is put into closed cans or marketed, 
and delivery wagons must be covered during the months of May to September. 
Bottling nmst he done at the milk houses and not upon the delivery wagons. The 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 49 

delivery of bottled milk to any dwelling where there is a contagious disease is pro- 
hibited. The milk standard is as follows: Specific gravity, 1.03; butter fat, 3.4 per 
cent; total solids, 12 per cent; cream by volume, 9 per cent. Cream standard, butter 
fat 20 per cent. Skimmed milk may be sold if plainly labeled. Milk is i)rohibited 
from cows fed on any garbage or other improper food, or kept in an unsanitary 
condition. 

In 1899 a resolution was adopted by the board of health prohibiting the delivery 
of milk in bottles. This resolution was passed because of the practice of refilling 
the glass jars in delivery wagons or elsewhere, without having the jars properlj- 
cleansed, thereby making it possible for contagious diseases to be conveyed and milk 
to be otherwise contaminated. The length of time this rule was in effect is not 
given. 

The annual expenditure for the supervision of the city milk supply is about |1,100, 
one inspector giving his entire time to this work. During the year 419 samples of 
milk were examined by lactometer and the Babcock test; a part of them also for for- 
malin. All dairy farms and all cows from which milk is used have been inspected. 
A detailed statement of the work performed by the milk inspector in the year end- 
ing November 30, 1899, is as follows: 

Inspections of dairies, ranches, and milk depots 1, 782 

Samples of milk tested 765 

Cows condemned ( tuberculosis ) 6 

Cows tested (tuberculosis) 6 

Complaints sworn to 10 

Arrests 10 

Convictions 8 

Acquittals 1 

Cases pending 1 

The general average percentage of butter fat in samples tested this year was 3.6. 
Samples from hotels and restaurants averaged only 2.8, while those from dairy 
wagons averaged 3.7. 

The torm for dairyman's permit to sell milk, and stub for same, is shown in Appen- 
dix IV (p. 201). 

Recent improvements in the quality of milk are due to the decreased use of x^re- 
servatives and a better sanitary condition of the dairy premises. A more thorough 
inspection of the cattle, dairies, and milk, and a more rigid enforcement of the ordi- 
nances, would bring about further improvement. 

Oakland. ( Population, 66, 960. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Fred E. Pierce, D. V. S., market, meat, and milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 0.54 pint per capita, 
besides about 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 75 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 45 stores and 80 wagons. Glass bottles, filled in the city depots, are used in 
the delivery of only a very small portion of the milk supply. The practice of pas- 
teurizing milk has been discontinued. The retail price of milk varies during the 
year from 5 cents to 10 cents per quart, producers receiving 3 to 3 J cents throughout 
the year. About 3,500 cows, in 45 city herds and 35 country herds, furnish the city 
with milk. A very small i^ortion of the milk supply is received by railway, the 
longest shipment being 40 miles. 

Ordinance No. 1618, July, 1894, refers to milk. Persons selling milk muse be 
registered. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 
3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled. 

25839— No. 46—03-^4 



50 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDU8TEY. 

About 11,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one 
inspector giving the greater i^art of his time to this work. During the past year 250 
sam})les of milk were examined by the Babcock test, 10 samples were examined 
bacteriologically, and all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvement has been made in the sanitary condition of the dairies. The 
enactment and enforcement of measures to require cleanliness in the production of 
milk is given as an important need. 

Sacramento. (Population, 29,282.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

H. L. Nichols, M. D., health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.82 pint per 
capita, besides 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 15 stores and 55 wagons. Glass 
bottles are used to a small extent (mostly for cream), and they are filled both in the 
city and at the farms. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increas- 
ing. The retail price of milk is 7 cents per quart throughout the year. There are 
no dairy herds within the city limits, but al^out 100 cows are kept by private fami- 
lies. Milk is brought to the city in wagons from 36 dairy farms, the longest haul 
being 7 miles. 

City ordinance No. 428 and board of health ordinances Nos. 48 and 49 refer to 
milk. Permits for the sale of milk are issued free of charge. The sale of impure, 
adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per 
cent fat. Dairies supplying milk to the city must be kept clean, and all utensils 
used in handling milk must be sterilized with boiling water once a day. Garbage, 
etc., must not be carried in milk wagons. Condensed milk and butlermilk must be 
from pure milk. Condensed milk must have milk solids ecjuivalent to 12 per cent 
milk solids in crude milk; 26.5 per cent of the milk solids must be fat. 

About $1,300 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, one 
inspector giving liis entire time to this work. During the past year 1,200 samples of 
milk were examined by the Babcock test, and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

San Jose. (Population, 21,500.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

Roliert Caldwell, M. D., secretary and health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,512 gallons, or 0.93 pint per capita, 
besides small amounts of skimmed milk and cream. INIilk is sold from 40 stores aiKi 
100 wagons. Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are in general use in the delivery of 
milk. The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 
3 cents in the summer and 3i cents in the winter season. There are a few dairies 
near the city conducted on a more modern plan than others, but they receive no 
advance in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, 
including 40 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 127 dairy farms, all within 7 
miles of the city. 

Ordinances Nos. 1650 and 1654 refer to milk. License for the sale of milk is free. 
Adulterated, impure, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 13 per cent 
solids, one-fourth of which shall be butter fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled. 
Wagons must l^ear license number. The board of health has passed a regulation 
requiring that all cows furnishing milk for the city be tested with tuberculin. 

Six hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, 
the milk and market inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the 
past year milk samples were examined by the Babc6ck test. No bacteriological 
esaniination§ were made. All the city herds and all the dairv farms were inspected. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 51 

Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to greater cleanliness at the dairies 
and a veterinary inspection of cows. It is stated that there would be further 
improvement if a State board of veterinary inspectors should examine all cows and 
kill those found to be affected with tuberculosis. 

Alameda. (Population, 16,464.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

T. Carpenter, V. S., veterinary and food inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,760 gallons, or 0.86 pint per capita, 
besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 21 
stores and 38 wagons, and about 30 per cent of it is delivered in glass Iwttles, which 
are filled in the city. Several consumers pasteurize their own supply. The retail 
price of milk is 6| cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents 
in summer and S\ cents in winter. The milk from 5 "model dairies" near the city 
is sold for 7^ cents per quart in summer and 8 J cents in winter. There are 11 herds, 
including 62 cows, within the city limits, and milk is sent in from 23 dairy farms. 
About 9 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 45 miles. 

Ordinances No. 318, June, 1896, and No. 368, October, 1898, and board of health 
regulations govern the milk supply. Permit is required for the sale of milk or 
cream. Impure or adulterated milk, or milk from cows within fifteen days before or 
ten days after calving, is prohibited. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids. 
Skimmed milk must contain 7.5 per cent milk solids and be plainly labeled. Cows 
must be free from dangerous disease and must not be fed upon wet brewers' grains, 
swill, etc., nor kept in an insanitary condition. Contagious disease among em- 
ployees must be reported. Wagons must bear owner's name, etc. 

Board of health rules and regulations for the handling of milk include a number 
of those published in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry, pages 165-171. They are published on large cloth-backed cards, suitable 
for posting in stables, etc. 

Twelve hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk 
supply, one official giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 925 
samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric 
analysis; 20 bacteriological examinations were made "for milk ferments, blood 
corpuscles, etc.;" all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recently there has been an improvement in the health of the cows and in the 
sanitary method of handling milk. Needed improvements, as given, include the 
stamping out of tuberculosis and regulations to control dairy herds and the trans- 
portation of milk. 

COLORADO. 

This State has no milk law. 

Denver. (Population, 133,859. i) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

Charles K. Cook, milk inspector. 

S. B. Newland, deputy State dairy commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 12,110 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita. 
It is also estimated that the city consumes daily about 1,000 gallons of skimmed i 
milk and 2,000 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from only 200 stores, the greater part 
of it being distributed from 300 wagons, many delivering twice a day. About 25 

^ Including average transient population, 150,000. • 



52 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

per cent is delivered in glass jars, which are filled in the city or on the dairy farms. 
The entire product of one establishment, amounting to 4 per cent of the total milk 
supply, is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6\ cents per quart in sunmier 
and 64 to 8^ cents in winter, the producers receiving 2^ to 3 cents per quart through- 
out the year. Within the city limits there are 80 herds of 3 or more cows each, 
including 900 head, and about 1,500 separate or private cows. About 300 dairy farms 
send milk into the city. Of the total supply, about 10 per cent is received by rail, 
the longest shipment being 150 miles. 

Numerous milk regulations were ])ublished in the manual of the bureau of health 
in 1899. They are generally drawn up in considerable detail for the protection of 
milk consumers against the use of impure or adulterated milk, or milk produced in 
insanitary places or from cows suffering from tuberculosis or other disease. The 
sale of milk from cows two weeks before or two weeks after calving is prohibited. 
The milk standard is 12 per cent total solids, 3 per cent fat; the cream standard, 
25 percent total solids, two-thirds of which shall be butter fat. Skimmed or watered 
milk may be sold to any person for his own individual consumption, if he is informed 
of the character of the article. When milk below the legal standard is used in 
hotels, restaurants, etc., a sign must be displayed bearing the words "watered milk." 
License (fee |1 for one year) is required for each store or vehicle selling milk. A 
."^et of 10 rules relating to the production of milk — cleanliness and ventilation of stables, 
cleanliness of employees, straining of milk twice, cooling of milk and use of ice dur- 
ing its delivery in warm weather, use of screens to exclude flies from milk rooms, 
prohibition of preservatives — are printed on cloth by the health commissioner to be 
posted in dairy staljles. 

Ordinance section regarding notice of use of watered milk is given in Appendix I 
(p. 180). 

The city expends annually $1,200 for the supervision of the milk supply. One 
milk and dairy inspector devotes his entire time to this work, and he is occasionally 
assisted by the city chemist. During INIay, June, July, and August 1,200 samples of 
milk and 1,000 samples of cream were examined by the Babcock test, 600 samples 
were analyzed gravimetrically, and a few samples of milk were examine*! l)acteri- 
ologically. All of the milch cows within the city limits and all the dairy herds 
outside which send milk to the city have been inspected. 

Pueblo. (Population, 28,157.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Chiss III, see p. 34.] 

H. R. Thompson, milk and dairy inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 1.42 pints per 
capita; also 350 gallons of skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 10 stores and 40 wagons. Thirty-three per cent of the milk is delivered in 
glass Vjottles, which are filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price of 
milk is 6 cents ])er quart in summer and 7 cents in winter. Within the city limits 
there are 20 herds, including 650 cows, and milk is sent in from 17 (?) dairy farms. 
Ten per cent of the cream is received by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. 

The city expends annually about $1,000 in the supervision of its milk supply, one 
dairy and milk inspector giving his entire time to this work. In the past nine 
months 344 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer, Babcock test, and by 
chemical tests for preservatives; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the 
city herds and all the country farms were inspected, 15 of the city herds being 
tested with tuberculin. 

Recently there have been a higher fat content and a marked decrease in the use of 
preservatives. Needed improvements, as given, include better methods for cooling 
and aerating milk, sterilizing cans, and better sanitary conditions at the dairies. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 53 

Colorado Springs. (Population, 21,085.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

R. H. Custer, food inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,800 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita, 
besides 300 gallons of skimmed milk and 80 gallons of cream. This does not include 
the milk from about 200 cows kept by private families. Milk is sold from 19 stores 
and 28 wagons. None of the milk is shipped in glass bottles, but nearly all dairies 
use them and charge a higher price for the bottled product. Pasteurized milk is 
used by invalids, and at present many private families do their own pasteurizing. 
The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, bottled milk 6\ 
cents, and pasteurized milk 8J cents, producers receiving .3 cents to 3^ cents per 
quart. The milk from 3 "model dairies" is sold for 6| cents. AVithin the city there 
is 1 herd (60 cows), and milk is sent in from 17 dairy farms. The longest shipment 
of milk to the city is 14 miles. 

An ordinance adopted in December, 1897, refers to milk. License fees for the sale 
of milk or cream are $5 for each wagon and store; $5 for each shipper who does not 
send to a licensed dealer; but persons who keep not more than 2 cows, and stores 
which sell milk or cream from a regular registered dairyman, pay only $1. Impure, 
adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited, except that skimmed or watered milk may be 
sold if the buyer is informed of its character. "Watered milk" sign must be dis- 
played in restaurants, etc., where milk is served that contains less than 3 per cent 
fat. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Cream standard is 25 
per cent solids, 16 per cent fat. Those handling milk must not be suffering from or 
exposed to contagious disease. 

The food inspector (salary $1,020) gives a part of his time to the supervision of the 
milk supply. During the past year 175 samples of cream were analyzed gravimet- 
rically; 3 samples were examined bacteriologically for typhus and tubercle bacilli; 
and 8 (of the 18) dairy herds were inspected. 

Trinidad. (Population, 5,345.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

D. F. Dayton, health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 500 gallons, or 0.75 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 10 wagons, but no stores, and about two-thirds of it is delivered in 
glass bottles, which are filled at the farms. Dairies do not supply pasteurized milk. 
The retail price of milk is 6| cents per quart throughout the year. There are no 
"model dairies " near the city, and no herds within the city limits. Milk is supplied 
from dairy farms within a radius of 3 miles. 

The milk standard, as given by the health officer, is 12 per cent solids, one-fourth 
of which shall be butter fat. The cream standard is 25 per cent solids, two-thirds of 
which shall be butter fat. 

No specific amount is appropriated for the supervision of the milk supply. During 
the past year 8 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and 
gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the dairy farms 
were inspected. The inspector states that the milk supply would be improved if 
dairymen were more particular al>out keeping the cows' udders clean, and cooling 
the milk immediately after milking. 

CONNECTICUT. 

J. B. Noble, dairy commissioner, Hartford. 

General Statutes, revision of 1887, sections 2660-2664, and Public Acts of 1899, 
chapter 209 refer to milk, etc. The warden and burgesses of any borough, or the 
mayor and common council of any city, may appoint a milk inspector, who may 



54 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

supervise the milk supply, and is authorized to take samples (but in duplicate when 
requested); persons selling milk may be required to register with the city or borough 
clerk, the latter receiving 15 cents from the public treasury for each name registered. 
It is unlawful to sell impure or adulterated milk, or knowingly to sell milk from a 
cow that has been "adjudged, by the commissioners upon diseases of domestic 
animals, affected with tuberculosis or other blood disease." Skimmed milk shall be 
labeled as such when sold. 

Public Acts of 1895, chapter 235, sections 4 and 5, refer to food products, and for- 
bid the sale of articles that are adulterated or misbranded, these terms being defined 
at length. The State agricultural experiment station may fix standards of purity. 
The State dairy commissioner conducts prosecutions. 

The State exercises very little supervision over market milk. The commissioner 
has examined numerous samples in connection with the experiment station. 

New Haven. (Population, 108,027.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

Ward Bailey, clerk of the city board of health. 

The average amount of milk consumed daily is 8,750 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita. 
The amounts of skimmed milk and cream are not recorded. Milk is distributed from 
about 400 stores and 200 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of a large 
part of the milk supply, most of them being filled in the country. A little of the 
milk is pasteurized, and the quantity so treated does not seem to be increasing. The 
retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, producers 
realizing 3i cents and 4 cents in the two seasons. About half a dozen dairies near 
the city are conducted considerably better than others, but do not receive an extra 
price for their milk. There are no herds and only a few milch cows within the city 
limits. The average distance from which the milk supply is received is 10 miles. 

The milk ordinance requires that venders of milk shall be licensed by the board of 
health. License fee is 50 cents, and licenses expire the 1st of each May. They are 
revocable for cause. The license number must be shown on wagons. The sale of 
adulterated, etc., milk, which is defined at length, is prohibited. The milk standard 
is 11.5 per cent total solids, 3.5 per cent fat, and specific gravity between 1.029 and 
1.033. Skimmed milk may be sold if in vessels plainly labeled. 

No special appropriation is provided for the supervision of the milk supply, and 
the entire time of no officer is given to this work. During the past year 74 samples 
of milk were examined with the lactometer and the Babcock test, 25 being found 
below the standard for butter fat, and 12 dairy farms were inspected. 

There is less adulteration of milk now than formerly. There is need of a milk 
inspector, frequent inspection of dairy farms, and more cleanly methods where milk 
is produced and handled. 

Hartford. (Population, 79,850.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Edmund D. Roberts, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,000 gallons, or an average of 0.90 
pint per capita, besides 600 gallons of skimmed milk, and 115 gallons of cream. It 
is explained that many nonresidents take their meals in the city, thus partly 
accounting for the apparently large average consumption. Milk is sold from 53 
stores and 195 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of about one-fourth of 
the total milk supply, the greater part of them being filled at the farms.. The 
experience of three dairymen who have abandoned the practice of pasteurizing is 
proof that there is little or no demand for pasteurized milk in the city. The retail 



MILK -SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 55 

price of milk is 6 to 7 cents per quart in summer and 7 to 8 cents in winter, tlie pro- 
ducers receiving 2^ to 3 cents j^er quart in summer and 3J to 4 cents in winter. 
There are numerous well-conducted daries in this locality, some of which receive as 
high as 10 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 20 
herds of milch cows, including 300 head, and milk is sent into the city from 171 
dairy farms averaging about 22 cows each. About 3 per cent of the supply is shipped 
in by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. 

Ordinance of Hartford, 1897, chapter 11, sections 15 to 23, refers to milk. Persons 
selling milk must be licensed; fee, 25 cents. The sale of adulterated or impure 
milk is prohibited. The milk inspector has made a standard for milk of 12.3 per 
cent solids, 3.5 per cent fat. 

About $500 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, one 
officer giving the greater part of his time to thi.s work. During the past year 651 
samples of milk were examined by lactometer and the Babcock test; all of the city 
herds and 35 of the 171 dairy farms were inspected; inspections of places in private 
residences w^here milk is kept were made during the spring, summer, and fall 
months. 

Recent improvements are shown in the care of cows and cleanliness in handling 
the milk. The inspector believes that stringent milk laws may do more harm than 
good. 

Bridgeport. (Population, 70,996.) 
[For comparison with other citie.s in Class II, see p. 30.] 

E. A. McLellan, M. D., health officer. 

The daily consumption ot milk is estimated as 6.250 gallons, or 0.70 pint per 
capita, besides 250 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is sold. Milk is sold from 
200 stores and 250 wagons. In the delivery of milk, 7 establishments use glass bot- 
tles, these being filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk 
is 7 cents per quart in the summer and 8 cents in the winter season, producers 
receiving 3 cents per quart in summer and 4 cents in winter. There are no " model 
dairies" near the city. There are 8 herds of milch cows in the city. About one- 
twelfth of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 
75 miles. 

The city expends nothing in the supervision of its milk supply. Samples of milk 
are occasionally sent to the State experiment station for analysis. No dairy cattle 
have been inspected. 

Needed improvements, as given, include the inspection of dairy herds, greater 
cleanliness in handling milk, and proper cooling facilities during the hot season. 

Waterbury. (Population, 45,859.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

P. T. Keeley, M. D., milk inspector. 

The average daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 0.87 pint 
per capita; also 250 gallons of skimmed milk and 250 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 130 stores and 125 wagons. (Ilass bottles, filled in the city, are used in the 
delivery of 25 per cent of the milk supply. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the 
practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer 
and 7 cents in winter, the producei-s receiving 3 cents in summer and 4J cents in 
winter. No dairies are conspicuous for being conducted in a better manner than 
others. ■ Within the "town" there are 200 herds, including 3,000 milch cows. Two 
hundred and fifty dairy farms send milk into the city. About 5 per cent is received 
by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. 

The city expends annually al)Out $1,000 in the supervision of its milk supply, one 
official giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 1 ,000 samples were 



56 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRlf. 

examined by Babcock test, lactometer, and gravimetric analysis; two bacteriological 
examinations were made for typhus bacilli; all herds supplying the city with milk 
were inspected four times. 

Improvement has recently been shown in the sanitar}' condition of dairies. Fur- 
ther improvement would result if milk samples and sanitary conditions of dairies 
were studied by a trained bacteriologist. 

New Britain. ( Poj.ulation, 25,998. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

A. L. Thompson, city clerk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1 ,500 gallons, or 0.46 pint per capita, 
besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 10 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from about 
30 wagons and no stores. Nearly all the dealers deliver milk in glass bottles, which 
are filled at the farms. C'onsiderable milk is jjasteurized, and this practice is increas- 
ing. The retail price of milk is 6 to 7 cents in summer and 7 to 8 cents in winter, 
producers receiving 5 and 6 cents per quart in the two seasons. There are no 
dairies near the city which are conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. One 
herd of 40 cows witliin the city limits and 28 herds outside produce the milk supply. 

Nothing is done to supervise the milk supply. 

DELAWARE. 

This State has no milk law. 

"Wilmington. (Population, ''6,508.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

AValter A. McEvillj-, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,756 gallons, or 0.89 j^int per capita, 
besides 250 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. Milk is solil from 55 
stores and 341 wagons. About one-half of the milk sui:)ply is delivered in gla.ss bot- 
tles, some of these being filled in the city and some at the producing farms. No 
milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 
cents in winter, producers receiving 3 and 4 cents in the two seasons. There 
are no so-called model dairies in the vicinity. Within the city limits there are 9 
herds, including 85 cows. Two hundred dairy farms send milk into the city. About 
one-half of the total supply is received i)y railway, the longest shipment being 40 
miles. 

An ordinance ado])ted in December, 1901, amen<ling a previous ordinance, refers 
to milk. Adidterated, etc., milk is prohibited. Skimmed milk must be labeled. 
The milk standard is 12 per cent total solids, 3 per cent fat. 

Tlie city expends annually $1,500 in the supervision of its milk supply. Two 
officials — a chemist and an inspector — give their time to this work. The milk 
inspector receives |1,000 salary and finds his own implements. During the past year 
125 samples of nulk were examined by lactometer; all samples not up to standard 
were analyzed gravimetrically; 125 samples were examined bacteriologically; all 
the dairy farms sending milk into the city were inspected, but none of the dairy 
herds within the city were inspected. 

Suggested improvements include the rigid enforcement of milk laws and the main- 
tenance of prices which will enable dealers to sell the pure article. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 57 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The District laws are the same as those referred to under Washington City. 

Washing-ton. (Population, 278,718.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

William 0. Woodward, M. D., health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 12,500 gallons, or an average pei 
capita of 0.36 pint. The amounts of skimmed milk and cream are not known. Milk 
is sold from 114 licensed dairies and about 150 wagons. Glass jars are in general use 
in the delivery of milk. They are not used for shipping, but are filled in the city. 
Perhaps 100 gallons of pasteurized milk is sold daily ; this treatment does not seem 
to be gaining in favor. The retail price is 6 to 8 cents per quart throughout the year, 
the producers on the farms receiving 2 to 3 cents in summer and 32 to 4^ cents in 
winter. One or two dairies near the city are conducted in an entirely satisfactory 
manner, and their milk is retailed at 10 to 12 cents per quart. One hundred and 
thirty-six dairy herds, including 1,127 cows, are within the limits of the District 
of Columbia, and milk is sent into the District from 630 dairy farms, the longest 
shipment being 92 miles. 

Chapter 164, Session III, Fifty-third Congress, March, 1895, refers to the milk 
supply of the District of Columbia. A permit from the health officer is required for 
maintaining a dairy within the District. This is issued after the dairy premises have 
been inspected and approved. Permit is also required for sending milk into the 
District, this to be issued if the health officer is satisfied with the detailed description 
of the dairy farm, and the sworn statement as to the physical condition of the cattle, 
whicii must accompanythe application. Every person receiving this permit must 
agree to allow his premises to be inspected at any time, and to conform to the health 
officer's regulations. Permits are issued without charge and are revocable for cause. 
No person is debarred from selling milk during the time his application for permit 
is being considered. Persons recently exposed to contagious disease shall not work 
in a dairy. Milk wagons must show permit number, location of dairy, etc. Names 
of dairymen furnishing milk must be displayed in stores, etc., where milk is sold. 
The sale of unwholesome or adulterated milk, or milk from cows fed on swill, etc., 
or milk from diseased cows, or milk taken from cows less than 15 days before or 10 
days after parturition is prohibited. Skimmed milk may be sold if plainly labeled ; 
its standard is 9.3 j^er cent solids. 

Chapter 25, Session II, Fifty-fifth Congress, refers to foods. It prohibits adulter- 
ated food, the same being defined at length and including milk altered in any way, 
and it makes the milk standard 9 per cent solids not fat, 3.5 per cent fat, and the 
cream standard 20 per cent fat. 

Under authority of the first law above mentioned, regulations governing the milk 
supply are made by the health officer. They specify, in considerable detail, condi- 
tions which shall be found where milk is produced and handled, requiring sanitary 
buildings, pure water for cleaning purposes, cleanly methods, etc. 

A copy of the health officer's regulations for the government of dairies and dairy 
farms is shown in Appendix I (p. 167). 

Two veterinary surgeons give their entire time, and a chemist part of his time, to 
the supervision of the milk supply. Durmg the year 413 samples of milk were 
examined with the Babcock test and lactometer, some of them being analyzed 
gravimetrically; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the dairy herds in 
the District were repeatedly inspected, and 205 of the 704 dairy farms Avere inspected. 

The form for application to bring milk into the District is shown in Appendix IV 
(p. 193) . The form for notification of violation of the law is shown in Appendix 
IV (p. 209). 



58 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Recent improvements are shown in the sanitary conditions of dairy farms and the 
health of the herds. Recommendations for further improvement include: An offi- 
cial indorsement of properly conducted dairies; the eradication of tuberculosis from 
dairy herds; better lighting, ventilation, and drainage, and greater cleanliness of 
barns and dairies; the branding of condemned cows; the immediate cooling of milk 
and its maintenance at a low temperature till final delivery. 

In a special report, dated May 3, 1900, by Dr. J. P. Turner, inspector of live stock 
and dairy farms, prepared, under the direction of the health officer, in compliance 
with a resolution of the Senate, much interesting information is given regarding the 
conditions existing on dairy farms supplying milk and cream to the District and the 
amount of work performed in the interest of their improvement. It states that there 
were in the District 135 farms producing daily 2,000 gallons of milk, some of these 
farms being inspected as often as once a month. Only about one-third of the 600 
dairy farms in Virginia and Maryland sending milk into the District had been 
inspected. Wherever inspections are made, the following points are included: The 
physical examination of cows, the sanitary condition of the barn, methods of clean- 
ing and milking the cows, facilities in the dairy room for cooling and handling milk, 
and the character of the food and water supjily. About 3,500 gallons of milk from 
uninspected dairy farms were received daily over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
and the same amount over the Southern Railroad. Permits are held by all the ship- 
pers of this milk, having been given on a basis of their own statements of conditions 
in their dairies. It is well known that the sanitary conditions on many farms are 
not such as the health department regulations retjuire, as, whenever the area in 
which inspections are made is extended, many diseased cows are found and many 
buildings have to be abandoned or altered. In the inspected area, which supplies 
about one-third of the milk used in the city, 140 diseased cows were condemned in 
1897 and 120 in 1899. It is shown that not a few of the veterinarian's reports upon 
herds beyond the inspected districts are unreliable. Tuberculosis is the disease most 
commonly found, over 50 per cent of the cows condemned being affected with it. 
The tuberculin test has been the means of finding many badly diseased animals 
which could not be detected by a thorough physical examination. The importance 
of requiring the removal of diseased cows from dairy farms, after their condemna- 
tion, is emphasized. It is recommended also that farmers be reimbursed for at least 
a part of their loss when their cows are condemned. Many dairy barns have been 
greatly improved by the construction of good floors and gutters, windows, and ven- 
tilators, and the use of whitewash has done much to improve their sanitary condi- 
tion. The old dark basement barn is gradually disappearing. In some respects, 
methods of milking are more cleanly than in the past, though there is yet much 
room for improvement. Cows are kept fairly clean, but the filthy habit of "wet" 
milking and the neglect of personal cleanliness prevails in too many dairies. The 
use of separate milk rooms and the cooling of milk to below 50° F. is strongly recom- 
mended. The feeds given milch cows are generally satisfactory. Some farmers are 
using ensilage and no unfavorable results have been noted when the silo was prop- 
erly built and filled. In making inspections, special attention is given to the water 
supply. 

The report above abstracted was accompanied by one from the chemist and 
inspector of dairy products. The only forms of intentional adulteration of milk 
are the addition of water, coloring matter, and preservatives, and the removal of 
cream. A few years ago these were very common, but to-day they exist only to a 
small extent. Unintentional forms of adulteration, through which different forms 
of bacteria, including the germs of disease that are most likely to enter the milk, 
are discussed at length. The amount of acidity found in 146 samples of njilk, col- 
lected, in one year, varied between wide limits; 5 samples contained from 1.08 to 
3.25, the remaining 141 varied from 0.27 to 0.96 per cent acidity, their average being 
0.52 per cent. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 59 

During a recent winter a bacteriological study of the milk sold in the District was 
made by the veterinary inspector, the bacterial content per cubic centimeter was 
found to vary from 2,500 to 100,000,000. Of 117 samples examined, 9 contained 
more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, 36 contained from 100,000 to 
1,000,000, and 20 contained less than 10,000 per cubic centimeter. 

FLORIDA. 

Revised Statutes, sections 2659 and 2660, refer to foods. It is unlawful to sell dis- 
eased or unwholesome food except when the buyer is fully informed, and the sale of 
food adulterated with any substance injurious to health is forbidden. 

Jacksonville. (Population, 28,429.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Chiss III, see p. 34.] 

Claude Joyner, health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated at 1,200 gallons, or 0.34 pint per cap- 
ita. Milk is sold from 75 stores and 35 wagons. About one-half of the milk is sup- 
plied in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farms. A large amount of milk is 
pasteurized, but the practice is not increasing. Milk is retailed at 10 cents per 
quart throughout the year, the producers receiving 7 cents per quart. There are no 
"model dairies" near the city. There are no dairy herds within the city limits. 
The milk supply is produced by 560 cows on 35 dairy farms, within 4 miles of the 
city. 

An ordinance adopted in April, 1888, and amended in October, 1899, refers to 
milk. The health officer must examine the city milk supply. License is required 
for the sale of milk. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The water at dairies 
must be pure. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, board of 
health lactometer reading of 100° at 60° F., and show " 6 per cent of cream by the 
lactometer." 

During the past year 185 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Bab- 
cock test, and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

GEORGIA. 

Acts of 1895, part 1, title 7, No. 207, sections 1 an.d 2, refer to milk. The sale of 
unclean, unwholesome, or adulterated milk, or milk from an animal less than 15 
days before or 5 days after parturition is prohibited. The milk standard is 3.5 per 
cent fat, 8.5 per cent other solids. Skimmed milk and buttermilk may be sold as 
such. 

Atlanta. ( Population, 89,872. ) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

George M. Hope, chief of the sanitary department. 

Estimated amount of milk used daily is 1,500 gallons, or 0.13 pint per capita; also 
300 gallons of skimmed milk, 101 gallons of cream, and 2,500 gallons of buttermilk. 
Milk is distributed from 10 stores and 350 wagons. Glass jars are used to a certain 
extent, being filled in the country or in the delivery wagons in the citj\ None of 
the milk is pasteurized. The retail price per quart for milk is 5 cents in summer and 
6 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 cents in summer and 4 cents in winter. The 
few "model dairies" sell their product at 7 cents per quart in summer and 9 cents ui 
winter. About 2,129 milch cows in 3 city herds and 350 country herds furnish the 
city with milk. Only about 300 gallons of milk are received by railway, the longest 
shipment being 20 miles. 



60 BUREAU OF AKIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Two inspectors devote a large part of their time to the supervision of the city milk 
supply, having examined during the past year 1,250 samples chemically, but none 
bacteriologically; and inspected all of the city dairies and nearly all of the farms 
sending milk into the city. A report issued by the city board of health in 1899 
shows that about 8 per cent of the samples analyzed failed to come up to the require- 
ments of the law, while 62 per cent showed more than 13 per cent total solids. 

It is claimed that the milk standard should be raised. 

Savannah. (Population, 54,244.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

W. F. Bunner, health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.44 pmt per capita, 
besides an unknown quantity of skimmed milk and cream. Milk is sold from 10 
stores and numerous wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of milk by all 
the best dairy establishments. Those outside the city fill the bottles at the producing 
fnrms. No milk is pasteurized. Milk retails for about 10 cents per quart through- 
out the j'ear. Three dairies near the city are conducted in a very satisfactory man- 
ner, their milk selling at the regular rate. The number of herds of milch cows within 
the city is not known, but about 15 dairy farms send milk into the city. Practically 
all the milk used is produced within a radius of 5 miles. 

The city has no ordinance regulating the milk supply and no work has been done 
along this line. 

Recent improvements are due to the introduction of high-grade cattle, better water 
supply at dairies, and more care in the conduct of the dairy business. Milk ordi- 
nances are very much needed. 

Augusta. (Population, 39,441.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

Thomas D. Coleman, M. D., secretary of the board of health. 

The average amount of milk sold daily is estimated as 600 gallons, or 0.12 pint per 
capita. In explanation of this apparently low per capita consumption of milk, it is 
stated that many families keep 1 or 2 cows, and that the milk from these is not 
included in tlie above estimate. Milk is sold from 1 store and 30 wagons. Nearly 
all the dairymen use glass bottles in the delivery of milk, and these are filled at the 
farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 4 to 61 cents in summer, 
and 6J to 7h cents in winter. There are no " model dairies" near the city. Dairy 
herds are not allowed in the city. Milk is sent in from about 20 dairy farms, the 
most distant l)eing 6 miles from the city. 

The city conducts no inspection of the milk or herds. 

HAWAII. 

Laws of 1898, act No. 34, refers to foods. It forbids the sale of any adulterated 
food, which term is defined at length and so as to include impure milk. 

Honolulu. (Population, 39,306.) 
[For comparison witli other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

Edmund C. Shorey, food commissioner for Hawaiian Territory. 

About 1,000 gallons of milk is sold daily by milkmen, or 0.20 pint per capita, 
besides 12 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is sold as such. In explanation of 
the small amount of milk reported, it is stated that some private families keep cows 
and sell milk to their neighbors, and that canned condensed milk instead of natural 
milk is used largely by native Ilawaiians, Asiatics, and others. Milk is sold from 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 61 

30 wagons, and cream is sold from 3 stores. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of 
most cream sold, but not for milk. No milk is pasteurized, but a small quantity of 
cream is thus treated, and the practice is increasing. Some sterilized cream comes from 
California. The retail price of milk is 10 to 15 cents per quart throughout the year, 
and of cream 50 to 60 cents per pint. Producers of milk in all cases retail their own 
product. No dairy near the city is conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. 
Thirty-seven herds, including about 900 cows, and located within 6 miles from the 
center of the city, furnish the milk supply; one herd more distant supplies milk and 
cream to steamships. 

No milk standard has been fixed ]>y law, but the minimum obtained by numerous 
analyses is used for comparison in prosecutions. License fee for selling milk is |2.50. 

In the supervision of its milk supply the city expended last year $1,660 — $700 to 
the food commissioner, or one-third of his salary, $900 to the milk inspector, and $60 
for laboratory expenses. The milk inspector gives his entire time to this work. 
During the past year 700 samples of milk were examined for composition by the 
lactometer and Babcock test, and in suspicious cases by gravimetric analyses (very few 
samples were examined in January and February on account of an epidemic of 
plague); no samples were examined bacteriologically; 10 herds were tested with 
tuberculin. Milk has l)een found to contain as high as 40 per cent of added water. 
In the year there were 11 prosecutions for the sale of adulterated milk, resulting in 
9 convictions with fines from $25 to $100. The milk inspector's analyses of herd 
milk known to be pure showed an average of 12 per cent solids, 3.5 per cent butter fat, 
minimum solids 11 per cent, and minimum fat 2.5 per cent. Dairy work is often 
conducted in a very crude manner; many of the employees are Japanese or Portu- 
guese, and ignorant of modern methods. It is a common practice to allow the calves 
being raised to suckle the cows. The calf is usually allowed to take the last of the 
milk, which is the richest in fat. A number of analyses of herd milk, showing the 
results of allowing the calves to take the first or last portion of the milk in the 
udder, or none at all, are as follows: • 



Part of milk taken by calves. 




Butter 
fat. 



When the calves took the first part of the milk c . 

When the calves were allowed to have none 

When a few calves took the last part of the milk 

When a large number took the last part of the milk. 



4.6 
4.0 

3.6 
■2.8 



Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to less adulteration with water and 
better care of milk utensils, the latter resulting in less sour and ropy milk. It is 
stated that a milk standard should be fixed, and information regarding the care of 
cows and milk should be distributed to dairymen. 

IDAHO. 

Revised Statutes of 1897 — section 6918 refers to foods. The adulteration of any 
article of food or drink with fraudulent intent, or sale of same as unadulterated, is a 
misdemeanor. 

ILLINOIS. 

Alfred H. Jones, State food commissioner, Chicago. 

Laws of 1879, page 111, and 1897, page 268, refer to milk. Cows producing market 
milk must not be kept in an unhealthy condition, nor shall any person (knowingly) 
give them unwholesome food, which includes "distillery waste, usually called 
'swill,' " and other substances in a state of putrefaction. It is unlawful to sell milk 
or cream adulterated by the addition of water or any foreign substance. The milk 



62 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk shall be sold as such in 
any city and only from cans plainly labeled. Persons retailing milk in cities shall 
have plainly marked on each can and vehicle the name of the owner and the name 
of the locality wliere the milk is produced. Condensed milk shall be made from 
milk containing at least 3 per cent of butter fat and evaporated to one-third or less of 
original volume; the word "cream" on cans is evidence of fraud; condensed skim- 
med milk must be labeled. The addition of sugar to condensed milk is permitted. 
Canned goods must be labeled to show grade and name of manufacturer. 

Laws of 1899, page 368, refer to the State food commissioner. It is his duty to 
enforce all dairy laws, to inspect foods believed to be unhealthful or adulterated, and 
to prosecute for their sale. State's attorneys assist in prosecutions. This law forbids 
the sale of foods that are adulterated, which term is defined at length, and under its 
authority the commissioner has announced the following standards: Milk, 3 per cent 
fat; "coffee cream," 15 per cent fat; "whipping cream," 22 per cent fat. 



Chicago. (Population, 1,698,575.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

Thomas F. Grady, superintendent of milk inspection, board of health. 

Adolph Gehrmann, M. D., director of laboratory, board of health. 

It is estimated that 169,465 gallons of milk are used daily. This is equivalent to a 
supply of 0.8 pint per capita, but it is probable that this does not represent the aver- 
age per capita consumption because a considerable quantity of the milk is used in 
the manufacture of oleomargarine, and much is consumed daily in the city by per- 
sons not included in its stated population. The amounts of skimmed milk and cream 
are not known. There are 4,629 firms engaged in selling milk; 2,162 of these sell 
from licensed stores, 1,867 sell from 2,692 licensed wagons; and 600 parties sell milk 
from their own cows. About one-third of the milk peddlers use glass bottles for a 
part of their trade and only 49 of these sterilize'the bottles. Over 115,000 quarts of 
bottled milk come into the city each day, half of it being supplied by a single firm. 
Only two concerns fill all of their bottles in the country. Pasteurized milk is used 
])ut little, and it is not gaining in favor. The retail price per quart of milk is 5 to 7 
cents in the summer and 6 to 7 cents in the winter season, the producers on the farms 
being paid in the two seasons 2i cents and lU cents, respectively. « The milk from 



"The Milk News is responsible for the following table, which shows a considerable 
increase in the price paid to uiilk shippers. The figures were compiled from ship- 
pers' books and office records and represent the price prevailing the longest time in 
each month. Prices given are for 8-gallon cans delivered on the Chicago platform, 
freight prepaid: 



Month. 



May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October... 
November 
December 
January . . 
February . 

March 

April 



1894-95. 



1895-96. 


1896-97. 


1897-98. 


1898-99. 


SO. 60 


SO. 65 


80.65 


SO. 65 


.60 


.65 


.65 


.65 


.65 


.75 


.70 


.75 


.65 


.75 


.75 


.85 


.70 


.75 


.80 


.90 


.70 


.80 


.85 


.90 


.85 


.85 


1.00 


1.15 


.87 


.80 


1.00 


1.10 


.90 


■ .80 


1.00 


1.00 


.90 


.75 


.80 


1.00 


.75 


.70 


.80 


.90 


.70 


.70 


.80 


.90 



SO. 75 

. 75 

.85 

.85 

.95 

.95 

1.15 

1.15 

1.10 

1.10 

.95 

.90 



MILK SUPPLY OF. TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 63 

two dairies near Chicago, which are conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner, is 
sold throughout the year for from 7 to 12 cents per quart. Within the city limits 
there are 30 dairy herds, including 420 cows, besides 1,830 cows kept privately, 1, 2, 
or 3, in a place. The amount of milk produced by the city cows is 4,500 gallons 
daily. Milk is sent into the city from 4,000 dairy farms, and about 97 per cent of 
their product is shipped in over 16 railroads, the longest shipment being 123 miles. 
The charge for hauling an 8-gallon can of milk varies from 8 to about 22 cents. 

Sections 933-965 of the municipal code relate to the city milk supply. Among 
their provisions are the following: A milk and food division is created in the depart- 
ment of health, the chief officer being known as the superintendent. He and his 
first assi.^tant must each give bond for $5,000, and each inspei'tor must give bond 
for $;2,000. The officers are supplied with badges and are given neccs'^ary authority for 
making inspections. No inspector is allowed to serve in one district longer than four 
consecutive weeks, at the end of which time he can not again serve there until he has 
served in at least two other districts. Licenses, to be renewed the first of each May, 
must be obtained by milk or cream sellers (excepting persons owning 1 or 2 cows, 
and hotels, restaurants, etc., where milk or cream is furnished with meals) ; the fee 
is $10 for each store and each wagon. Licenses will be granted for a portion of the 
year at a proportionate rate. They must be displayed in stores, and delivery wagons 
must bear metal signs obtained from the city clerk showing that they have been 
licensed. The milk standard is 12 per cent total solids, 3 per cent butter fat; cream 
standard 15 per cent butter fat; skimmed milk may be sold if plainly labeled by 
means of a metallic tag; buttermilk is allowed if pure. Condensed milk must be made 
from pure milk and be in packages plainly labeled to show by whom condensed. 
The ordinance prohibits the sale of milk or cream for human food which is unclean, 
impure, adulterated by the addition of water or any foreign substance; milk or cream 
fi-om diseased cows, cows within fifteen days before and twelve days after parturition, 
cows kept in an unhealthy condition or fed distillery or brewery refuse or other fer- 
mented food; milk or cream exposed to infection from diseased persons or animals. 
Impure milk and cream, including the product of diseased cows or cows fed on refuse, 
etc., shall be confiscated when found. Cow stables (in the city?) shall be washed out 
and thoroughly cleaned each week. Milk vessels, refrigerators, and all places where 
milk is stored must be kept scrupulously clean. 

The ordinance sections regarding qualifications, requirements, and duties of milk- 
inspection officials are given in Appendix I (p. 177). 

The ordinance section referring to signs on delivery vehicles is given in Appejidix 
I (p. 177). 

The city expends annually in the supervision of its milk supply about $10,000, and 
7 officials — 1 superintednent, 5 inspectors, and 1 milk tester — give their entire time 
to this work. During the past year 19,053 samples of milk and cream were exam- 
ined by the Babcock test and lactometer and some of them by gravimetric analysis, 
and 126 samples Avere examined, upon requests of citizens, for tubercle bacilli. "Of 
the 19,053 samples of milk and cream analyzed 4,926 were brought to the laboratory 
by private individuals (the remaining 14,127 were collected by the milk inspectors). 
Of the 14,127 inspectors' samples 1,813 where tagged skimmed milk and 7,970 were 
not tagged, therefore sold for whole milk; of these, 859 were found below grade. 
Out of 4.344 samples of cream, 154 were found below grade. Percentage of inspect- 
ors' samples of milk and cream below grade, 7.17. Of the 4,926 samples brought to 
the office by private individuals, 3,107 were milk, of which 328 were below grade, 
and 1,813 were cream, of which 104 were below grade. Percentage of samples of 
milk and cream brought to office found below grade, 8.77. Percentage below grade, 



64 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



all sources, 7.58.« The numbers of examinations made each month, with their 
results, are shown in the table following. The daily records of the examinations of 
milk are kept on forms similar to this table: 



«In a report of the department of health it is shown that the percentage of milk 
samples found below grade in the last eight years has been as follows: 

Per cent. 

45. 4 

35. 7 



1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 



27.7 
5.2 



1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 



Per cent. 
.... 5.8 
.... 6.2 
.... 7.9 
.... 7.6 



Commissioner Reynolds calls attention to the fact that in this period there has 
been a decided decrease in the mortality of infants. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES 

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65 



66 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

InHpection of premises in the rity where milk is handled shows the following: 



Condition of premises. 


Stores. 


Peddlers' 
premises. 


Premises 

where cows 

are kept. 




1,100 

1,043 

10 

9 


839 

929 

90 

9 


194 




411 


Bad sanitary condition 


48 
45 






Total 


2, 162 


1,867 


698 







There were during the year 618 prosecutions — 99 for selling milk or cream below 
standard and 519 for selling without license; 357 were settled l)y the payment of 
costs, and 176 ))y tines of $25 or more. All of the dairy herds within the city and 11 
of the 4,000 outside have been inspected during the past year. 

The form for ai)plication for milk license is shown in Appendix lA" (p. 188). 

Recent improvement in market milk is shown by its larger average fat content 
than formerly and the decreasing use of preservatives. Recommendations as given 
include a thorough system of dairy inspection with the assistance of State authori- 
ties, the registration of dairies and certification as to their sanitary condition, the 
use of the tuberculin test, and frequent instead of occasional or no inspections. 

Peoria. (Population, 56,100. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class 11, see p. 30.] 

F. C. Bourscheidt, M. D., commissioner of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 0.71 pint per cap- 
ita, besides 500 gallons of skimmed milk and 450 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 45 stores and 80 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of milk from 6 
or 8 establishments, the greater part of these being filled at the producing farms. 
No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6 cents ]ier quart in summer 
and 5 to 7 cents in winter, the producers receiving 3 cents per quart in summer and 
32 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" in or near the city. There are 
23 dairy herds, including 446 head, within the city limits, and 78 dairy farms, with 
1,262 cows, send milk into the city. Al)out 200 gallons of creani is shipped into the 
city by railway, the longest shipment being 50 miles. 

An ordinance adopted October, 1899, refers to milk. IJcense fee for selling milk 
is $5. The board of health may require the examination of all cows whose milk 
comes to the city, the owner paying 25 cents per cow. Milk from cows that are dis- 
eased, etc., milk from a place where a contagious disease exists,'or adulterated milk, 
is prohibited. Milk standard, 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat; cream standard, 25 
per cent solids, two-thirds of which must be fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled. 

Fifteen hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk sup- 
ply. The commissioner and one assistant give a iiart of their time to this work. 
During the past year 655 samples of milk and 1 15 samples of creani were examined 
by the Babcock test; 35 samples were examined bacteriologically; all dairy herds in 
the city and 73 of the 78 dairy farms were inspected. 



Q,uincy. (Population, 36,252.) 
Dinii.irisdii with other cities in Cbiss III, s( 



p. 31.] 



^Villialll Ilild, secretary of the l)oard of health. 

The daily consumittionof milk is estimated as 1,500 gallons, or 0.33 pint per capita, 
besides 1,000 gallons of skimmed milk and 500 gallons of cream. This is sold from 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 67 

30 stores and 20 wagons. Glass bottles, tilled at the prodncing farms, are used by 3 
dairies. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice seems to be increasing. 
Milk is retailed. at 5 cents per quart throughout the year, and is supplied from 20 
dairy farms, all within 5 miles of the city. 
There is no supervision of the city milk supply. 

Springfield. (Population, 34,159.) 
[For eomparison with other I'ities in Chiss III, soc \>. 34.] 

Frank N. Patterson, sanitary inspector. 

Estimated average daily consumption of milk is 2,500 gallons, or 0.59 pint per 
capita. Milk is sold from 4 stores and 48 wagons. Within the city limits there are 
7 herds, including H3 cows, and milk is sent in from 28 dairy farms. About (> per 
cent is received by rail, the longest shipment being 20 miles. 

An ordinance adopted in July, 1897, regulates the milk supply. The health 
officer or sanitary inspector must make a thorough inspection of conditions existing 
at all i^remises where milk is sold. Annual license fee is $5, but "private persons" 
keeping 1 or more cows, and who sell to their customers by peddling same by hand, 
are exempt from license fee. Each milk wagon must bear a painted metal })late, 
furnished with the license. Adulterated milk or cream is prohibited. The milk 
standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat; cream standard, 15 per cent fat. 
Skimmed-milk containers must be tagged with a metal plate, 3 by 5 inches in size. 
Hotel keepers, restaurant keepers, and boarding-house keepers are subject to the 
provisions of this ordinance, except the ol)taining of a license. 

During the past year 389 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Bab- 
cock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds, and 13 of 
the 28 dairy farms, were examined. 

Rockford. (Population, 31,051.) 

E. W. Brown, ma3^or. 

This city has no milk inspector, and there is no supervision of its milk sui)ply. 

East St. liOuis. (Population, 29,0.55.) 

M. M. Stephens, mayor. 

This city has no milk inspector, and information regarduig its milk suj)i)ly is not 
available. 

Joliet. (Po|)ulation, 29,353.) 
[For coinparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

John R. Casey, M. D., health commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,400 gallons, or 0.65 pint i)er cai)ita, 
besides 15 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is sold. Milk is sold from 8 stores 
and 55 wagons. Very little milk is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled, 
some at the farms and some in the city. Only two dealers pasteurize milk and the 
practice is not increasing. The retail price is 5 cents per quart tliroughout the year, 
producers receiving 2^ cents. There is no herd near the city conducted in an entirely 
satisfactory manner. There are no city herds of milch cows. Milk is brought in 
wagons from 40 dairy farms within 5 miles of the city. 

A city ordinance. May, 1897, requires dairymen to furnish to the health commis- 
sioner a description of all their milch cows, a sample of milk obtained therefrom, 
and a sample of the water used in washing milk cans, etc. All the herds must be 
tested with tuberculin. The milk standard, as given by the health commissioner, 
is 3 per cent fat; specific gravity, not less than 1.028. 



68 BUREAU OF ANTMAL INDUSTRY. 

Nothiiifr is apj)ropriated especially for tlie sni)ervision of tlie milk suppl^y. During 
the past year 300 samijles of milk were examined by the lactometer, and all the 
dairy farms were inspected. 

It is recommended that all cows should )»e sul»jected to the tuljerculin test. 

Aurora. (Population, 24,147.) 
[For t'omparison with other cities in Class IV, see \>. 40.] 

J. W. MacDonald, health otticer. 

The daily consumption or milk is estimated as 1 , 500 gallons, or 0.50 pint per capita, 
besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
14 stores and 43 wagons, and about three-fourths of it is delivered in glass l)ottles, 
which are filled in the city. About 10 per cent of the entire amount is pasteurized, 
and this practice is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart through- 
out the year, producers receiving 2i and 3 cents, summer and winter, respectively. 
The milk from one "model dairy" near the city is sold for 12 cents per quart. 
Within the city there are 2 herds, including 40 cows, and milk is sent in from about 
100 dairy farms, the most distant being 8 miles from the city. 

An ordinance of November, 1897, consisting of 21 sections, refers especially to milk. 
Another ordinance, relating to food and drink, refers in general terms to milk. 
License for the sale of milk or cream is $5; each wagon after the first, $5; ])ut per- 
sons owning not more than 2 cows are exempt. Impure, adulterated, etc., jnilk is 
prohil)ited. The milk standard is 12 per cent milk solids, 3 per cent fat; cream 
standard, 15 per cent fat. Condensed milk must be from pure milk and contain 
the right proportion of milk solids and fat. 8kinnned milk must be labeled. But- 
termilk is permitted if made from pure milk. Milk premises, utensils, etc., nuist 
be kept clean. Milk wagons must bear metal sign. Cows must be girven pure food 
and water. 

About $300 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one offi- 
cial giving a part of his time to this work. During the ])ast year 314 samples were 
examined by lactometer and Babcock test; 15 samjjles were examined bacteriolog- 
ically for tul)ercle bacilli; the city herds, but none of the dairy farms, were inspected. 

Recent improvement is due to greater cleanliness obtaining at dairies and to the 
practice of pasteurizing. It is stated that all cows should be tested for tuberculosis 
and all dairies as to sanitary condition, and there should be a more frequent inspec- 
tion of the milk. 

Evanston. (Populaticm, lit, 259.) 

[For comparison with otlier cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

William R. Parkes, M. I)., health commissioner. 

The daily consumptioii of milk is estimated as 1 ,500 gallons, or 0.02 jiint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 10 stores and 40 wagons, there being 23 dealers. Glass bottles, 
filled in the city, are used almost universally in the delivery of milk. No tnilk is 
pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents in summer and 7 to 10 cents in winter, i)ro- 
ducers receiving 4 cents and 5 cents in the two seasons. The milk from two dairies, 
conducted on a better plan than others, is sold for 8 cents per quart in summer and 
10 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 7 herds, including 400 cows, 
and milk is sent in from 37 dairy farms. About 35 per cent is received by railway, 
the longest shipment being 75 miles. 

City ordinances, C-hapter XLVI, sections 653-081, refer to milk. License fee for 
the sale of milk or cream is $5 for each store and wagon; each additional wagon, |2. 
This does not ai)ply to jiersons who own 1 or more cows and peddle milk to tlieir 
neighbors. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohil)ited. The milk standard is 13 
per cent solids, 3 per cent butter fat; the cream standanl is 15 per cent butter fat. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 69 

Skimmed milk must be labeled. Condensed milk and buttermilk must be from pure 
milk. Milk from diseased cows may be confiscated. Cow stables must be washed 
out at least once a week. 

The health officer and the sanitary inspector give a part of their time to the super- 
vision of the milk supply. During the pa.*t year 40 samples of milk were examined 
by the lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis. No bacteriological 
examinations were made. All the city herds and 25 of the H7 dairy farms were 
inspected. Four herds were subjected to the tuberculin test and B cows were con- 
demned. 

It is stated that all tubercular cows should be disposed of, and the tul)erculin test 
should be used for their detection. 

Molina. (Population, 17,248. ) 
[For coiiiparison with dthiT cities in Cla.ss IV, see p. 40.] 

Ed. Kittilsen, city marshal and health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 577 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 1 store aad 34 wagons, and a part of it is delivered in glass bottles, 
filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart through- 
out the year, producers receiving 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" near the 
city. Within the city limits there is 1 herd (30 cows), and milk is sent from 30 
dairy farms. The longest shipment of milk by railway is 10 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance. 

During the past year 332 samples of milk were examined by the Babcoi'k test, 
and 24 of the 30 dairy farms were inspected. 

Ottawa. (Population, 10,588.) 
[For <'omparison with other eities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

\V. F. Weese, V. S., acting dairy inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 600 gallons, or 0.45 pint, per capita. 
Milk is sold from 15 wagons, but from no stores. About one-fourth of it is delivered 
in glass bottles, which are filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price 
is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ and 3 
cents in the two seasons. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the 
city limits there are 3 herds, including 25 cows, and milk is supplied from 13 dairy 
farms, all within a radius of 4 miles. 

Revised ordinances adopted in June, 1899, and August, 1899, refer to milk. 
License fee for the sale of milk or cream is |l for each cow. Cows must be free from 
contagious and infectious disease. Provision is made for the use of the tuberculin 
test. 

Four hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, 
one offi(;ial giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 13 samples 
of milk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological 
examinations were made; all the city herds and 11 of the 13 dairy farms were 
inspected. 

Recent imi)vovements in the milk sup])ly include an increase in the butter fat con- 
tent, greater cleanliness in handling, and the removal of all tuberculous cows from 
dairy herds. Needed improvements stated include the enforcement of more strin- 
gent sanitary measures at the producing farms and the more frequent testing of milk. 

INDIANA. 

J. N. Ilurty, M. D., secretary of the board of health, Indianapolis. 

Horner's Revised Statutes, 1897 — section 2071 refers to milk. It is unlawful to 
knowingly sell milk that is adulterated or skimmed, or milk from a cow that is dis- 
eased or fed upon deleterious foods, including the refuse of a distillery or brewery. 



70 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Acts of 1899 — chapter 121 refers to foods. Its enforcement is charged to the State 
l)oard of health. It forbids the sale of adulterated food, which is defined at length, 
and under its authority the State board of health has established the following 
standards and rules: Milk shall contain at least 3 per cent fat, 9 per cent other solids; 
no coloring matter or antiseptic is permitted; it shall not tie sold when taken less 
than twenty-one days before or four days after calving, nor when from a cow that is 
diseased or fed upon damaged food. 

The l)()ard of health has issued rules describing in detail c-onditions which sliould 
be foun<l and methods which should be followed at dairies. 

As no appropriation has been made for the enforcement of the food law, the State 
board of health has been nna])le to take action under its authority. 

Indianapolis. (Population, 169,164. ) 
[For comparison with otlicr cities in Class I, see ]>. 26.] 

A. F. Zearing, clerk of the board of pul)lic health. 

The daily consumption of milk is esthnated as 12,000 gallons, or 0.57 pmt per 
capita. It is estimated also that 8,000 gallons of skimmed miik and 4,000 gallons of 
cream are consumed daily. Milk is sold from 770 stores and 273 wagons. Glass jars 
are used almost exclusively in its delivery, and these are filled both on the farms and 
in the city. A small amount of milk is jxisteurized and this treatment is increasing 
in favor. The retail price per quart is 5 cents in summer and 6 cents in winter, and 
the producers receive 2| and 3 cents in the two seasons. A large portion of the 
dairies are conducted in a very satisfactory manner. Twenty-five herds, including 
180 milch cows, are within the city limits, and 250 dairy farms send milk into the 
city. Five per cent of the total supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 
40 miles. 

Dairies must be licensed and observe certain regulations adopted by the board of 
public health and charities, January, 1896, under authority of ordinance No. 71, 
December, 1895. License fee for sale of milk is 50 cents. The regulations require 
that dairy stables be constructed and the work l)e conducted in a sanitary manner; 
the requirements are detailed, some of them being: All animals except dairy stock 
must l^e excluded from the stable or milk room; each cow nmstl)e allowed 5()0i'ul>ic 
feet air space; each cow must be ckancd daily and l)e properly fed and watered; 
cans must be scalded daily; milk mist be strained and cooled to 58° F. promptly 
after milking; no milk nuist be use(,l from cows sixty daj'S before or twelve days 
after calving; the board of health must be promptly notified of the discovery of 
disease; and the tuberculin test may be required on suspecte<l cows, etc. The milk 
standard is 9 per cent solids not fat, 3 per cent fat. 

Regulations governing dairies are shown in Appendix I (p. 171). 

One thousand dollars is appropriated annually for the supervision of the city milk 
supply, and one inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the past year 
850 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric 
analysis; 14 samples were examined liacteriologically, and the city milch cows and 
204 of the 250 dairy farms were inspected. 

The superior quality of the milk supply of Indianapolis is due in no small measure 
to a plan put in operation by the health officials a few years ago whereby the dairy- 
men who kept their dairies up to the highest standard received special certificates of 
approval. These were helpful in obtaining new trade and were therefore generally 
sought after, with the result that sanitary methods were introduced into many j)laces 
where they would not otherwise have been found. " 



« Market J\lilk: A Plan for its Imjjrovement. Seventeenth An. Rpt. Bu. An. lud., 
pp. 158-193. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 71 

The most marked recent improvement has resulted from prosecutions for the use 
of formaldehyde" as a preservative, and in compelling greater cleanliness in the 
handling of milk. 

Evansville. (Population, 59,007. ) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

J. H. Kerth, milk and food inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,500 gallons, or 0.84 pint per capita. 
Milk Ls sold from 3 stores and 60 wagons. In the delivery of nulk glass bottles 
arc used ])y two dairy establishments. One of these fills the bottles in the city, 
the other at the producing farm. No milk is pasteurized. The average retail price of 
milk is about 6^ cents per quart throughout the year. There is one well-conducted 
dairy near the city, but it receives no advance in price for its product. Within the 
city limits there are 5 herds of milch cows, including 60 head, and 54 dairy farms 
send milk into the city. No milk is shipped in by railway, the supply coming by 
wagons as far as 9 miles. 

Ordinance No. 81, October, 1893, regulates the milk supply. License to sell milk 
is granted free of charge. Unwholesome or adulterated milk, "swill milk," and 
milk from unhealthy cows is prohibited. The inspector must inspect at least once a 
month all dairies, including cows, milk, vessels, etc. 

Nine hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. 
One officer, as milk and food inspector, gives his entire time to this work. During 
the past year 215 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, the Babcock test 
for fat, and by a qualitative test for formaldehyde; no bacteriological examinations 
were made; all of the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recently the sale of milk containing preservatives has decreased and greater 
cleanliness has obtained in the production of milk. 

Suggested improvements as given, include a higher milk standartl and a more fre- 
quent inspection of dairies and dairy products. 

"Regarding the use of formaldehyde as a preservative in milk, the following state- 
ment, attril)uted to Dr. Morrison, health officer of Indianapolis, is reprinted: 

My experiments were undertaken by reason of some prosecutions here for the sale 
of adulterated milk. Total number of experiments, 96; preservative, formaldehyde. 
Milk was secured direct from the cow and immediately transferred to test tubes. In 
each test tube was placed 6 c. c. of this milk. The tubes were ])laced upon racks in 
rows, each row containing a "control" tube, five tubes in each row, so that the 
average result could be obtained. 

In row No. 1, pure milk; all other rows, one pure and four adulterated. To one 
row was added artificial gastric juice, prepared from Fairchild's pepsin. Exactly 
the same in same amounts apjjlied to each of the tubes in other rows. Previous to 
putting in the digestive material, however, four tubes in each row were adulterated 
as follows: Second row, quantity equal to 9 droits of a 40 per cent solution of formal- 
dehyde for each gallon of milk, and decreasing the per cent in each row until the 
last had an amount ecjual to one drop per gallon. 

The first effect noted was that the coagulation which normally occurs in milk 
upon the addition of "rennin" in the ordinary commercial pepsin, was slightly 
retarded, the retardation beingdirectly proportionate to the amount of formaldehyde 
used. When coagulation did occur the coagulum was tough in proportion to the 
amount of formaldehyde present, proving to my satisfaction that the coagulum 
formed by the digestive juice in the presenile of formaldehyde was an exceedingly 
tough one. Next, tubes were placed in an incubator, kept there at a temperature of 
100° F. for 8 hours and then examined. I give briefly the result without burdening 
with weights of undigested residue, etc.: Pure milk in all tubes, fully digested; 
where large amounts of formaldehyde were present absolutely no digestion. When 
the amount of formaldehyde present approached three droi)S to the gallon, digestion 
commenced and graduallj' increased as the porportion of the preservative decreased, 
Iwt in the presence of one drop to the gallon the inhibitory action upon digestion 
could be seen. 



72 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Fort Wayne. (Population, 45,115.) 
[For comparison with otlier cities in (Mass III, see p. 34.] 

L. Park Drayer, city sanitarian. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimate<l as 2,480 gallons, or an average of 0.44 
pint per capita. Milk is sold from 15 stores and 106 wagons. Within the city limits 
there are 297 cows in 175 stables, and milk is brought to the city in wagons from 84 
dairy farms, the longest haul being 8 miles. 

General ordinance No. 128 regulates the milk supply. License fee for the sale of 
milk or cream is $1. The city bacteriologist is placed in charge of the milk division 
of the department of health. Adulterated, etc., milk or cream is prohibited. 
Boarding-house keepers, etc., furnishing nnlk or cream are subject to the provisions 
of this ordinance. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3.5 per cent fat. Cream 
standard is 18 percent fat. Skimmed milk containers must be painted red and be 
plainly labeled. Buttermilk must be from pure milk or cream. It is the duty of 
an officer of the board of health to examine as often as necessary all stables where 
cows are kept. 

Ordinance section regarding delivery of skimmed milk is given in Appendix T (p. 
179). 

During the past year 700 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no 
bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms 
were inspected. 

Terra Haute. (Population, 86,67.3.) 
[For compari.son with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

C. O. Elliott, city inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk ise.stimated as 1,000 gallons, or 0.22 pint per capita, 
besides 40 gallons of skimmed milk and 30 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 9 
stores and 25 wagons. Fifty per cent of the dairies supply milk in glass bottles, 
filled at the farms. A large (luantity of milk is pasteurized, and the practice is increas- 
ing. Milk is retailed at 5 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers 
receiving 3^ cents. The milk from one "model dairy" near the city is sold regu- 
larly for 10 cents per quart. Thirty-four dairy farms send milk into the city. Only 
a very little milk is received by railway, the longest shipment being 30 miles. 

About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk sujiply, one offi- 
cial giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 500 sami)les were 
examine<l l)y the lactometer and Babcock test and were tested for preservatives, and 
all the daii'y farms were inspected. 

South Bend. (PopulatidU, 35,999. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Cla.ss III, see p. 34.] 

C. M. Butterworth, commissioner of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,000 gallons, or 0.22 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 35 wagons. About one-third of the milk is delivered in glass bot- 
tles, filled at the producing farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk 
is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. There are no " model dairies" 
near the city. There are no dairy herds within tlu^ city limits. Milk is sent in from 
25 dairy farms. About 2 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment l)eing 
15 miles. 

During the past year 28 samples were tested for preservatives; no bacteriological 
examinations were made, and no herds were inspected. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 73 

Richmond. (Population, 18,226.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. -10.] 

George G. Ferling, V. P. S., dairy inspector. 

Tiie daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,250 gallons, or 0.55 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from about 15 stores and 39 wagons, and one-third of it is delivered in 
glass bottles, filled at the farms. Milk is pasteurized at one dairy farm, but the 
practice is not increasing. The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year. 
A few dairies near the city are conducted in a better manner than others, l)ut receive 
no advance in price for their product. There are 4 herds, including 45 cows, within 
the city limits, and milk is sent from 36 dairy farms, all within 6 miles of the city. 

There is expended annually $150 in the supervision of the milk supply, one official 
giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 38 samples of milk were 
examined by the Bal)cock test, all the city herds were inspected monthij', and all 
the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recently there have been more cleanly methods in dairies and more care in the 
cooling of milk. Further improvements, as given, include the proper cleaning of 
stables and cows, a pure water and food supply, and the delivery of milk in bottles. 



IOWA. 

H. R. Wright, dairy connnissioner, Des Moines, successor to R. P. Norton (1903). 

Code of 1897, title 12, chapter 13, sections 2522 to 2528, and title 24, chapter 10, 
sections 4989 to 4991, refer to market milk. They are enforced by the State dairy 
commissioner. City milk dealers and persons supplying them must keep premises 
and utensils in hygienic condition and nmst report statistics to the dairy commis- 
sioner. Every person using a milk test shall obtain certified glassware from the 
dairy commissioner. An agent may be placed in each city of over 10,000 inhabi- 
tants to collect and test milk samples. A permit to sell milk nmst l)e olitained for 
each wagon, depot, or store; all permits expire every July 4, and cost $1 annually. 
The sale of impure or adulterated milk, or milk from a diseased cow or one having 
ulcers or sores, or milk from a cow within fifteen days before or five days after 
parturition, is forbidden. No jierson shall keep cows for production of market milk 
or cream in an unhealthy place nor shall knowingly give them food which produces 
impure milk, or feed them distilled glucose or brewery waste in a state of fermen- 
tation, or any putrefying or unhealthy substance. The milk standard is 12.5 per 
cent solids, 3 per cent fat; cream standard, 15 per cent fat. Skinnned milk may 
be sold as such. 

An amendment (General Acts, 1902, chapter 102, section 1), places a penalty on 
creameries, etc., which do not report statistics to the dairy i-ommissioner. 

Inspection is now conducted under the direction of the dairy commissioner in 14 
cities. The work of the local inspectors consists entirely of an inspection as to 
sanitarj' conditions of milk and the wagons and cans used in its delivery, and the 
testing of milk and cream samples for fat content. During the last year 784 store 
and wagon licenses to sell milk were issued, and about 12,000 tests of milk and cream 
were made by the commissioner's agents; a number of examinations for j>reserva- 
tives were made. Work in 1900 was carried on under difficulties due to adverse 
court decisions which have since been reversed. The total time expended in their 
work by the 14 milk inspectors is equivalent to perhaps sixty days a month; they 
are paid $3 per day for their services. 

The form for application for milk license is shown in Appendix IV (p. 190). 



74 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Des Moines. (Population, 02, 189. ) 
[For comparisou with other cities of Class II, see ]i. 30.] 

B. P. Norton, State dairy coiiimiseiioner. 

The dailj' consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 0.64 pint per capita. 
This is sold from 40 stores and 125 wagons. Ten per cent of the milk is delivered 
in glass bottles, some of which are filled at the farms ani some in the city. No milk 
is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, 
prodticers receiving 2 cents per quart in summer and 2h cents in winter. There are 
no "model dairies" in or near the city. There are 75 herds, including 1,000 cows, 
within the city, and 100 dairy farms send milk into the city. A portion of the cream 
shipped 1)y railway comes a distance of 40 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance and provides no specific fund for the supervision 
of its milk supply, this work l)eing under State control with an ajipropriation of 
1300. One State official gives eight <lays each month to this work. During the past 
year about 1,000 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacterio- 
logical examinations were made. 

Recently there has been a decrease in the use of preservatives in milk. 

Dubuque. (Population, :>H,297. ) 
[For coruparisoii witli other cities in Class III, see ]>. 34.] 

B. P. Norton, State dairy commissioner. 

The amount of milk sold daily is estimated as 1,425 gallons, or 0.31 pint per capita, 
besides 150 gallons of cream. The above estimate does not include the milk from 
cows kept by private families in the city. Milk is sold from 12 stores and 45 wagons. 
Very little milk is delivered in glass bottles, and none is pastt^urized. The retail 
price is 5 cents per quart tliroughout the year, jiroducers receiving 2 cents and 22 
cents in the two seasons. Tliere are no dairies near the city conducted in an entirely 
satisfactory manner. The milk from 40 dairy farms is brought to the city in wagons, 
the longest haul l)eing 10 miles. 

The city expends nothing in the supervision of its milk sup])ly. The State dairy 
commission expends annually about $144, one official giving four days of each month 
to this work. During the past year 5,000 samples of milk were examined by the 
Babcock test; none of the dairy farms were inspected. 

Davenport. (P()i)ulation, 35,254.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see ]>. 34.] 

('. n. Preston, city physician. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,400 gallons, or 0.32 pint per capita, 
besides 500 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 3 
stores and 64 wagons. • Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are used largely in the 
delivery of milk. Little if any milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 
cents per quart throughout the year, the jiroducers delivering their milk at the above 
price. Within the city limits there are 14 herds, including 239 cows, and milk is 
l)rought in wagons from 52 dairy farms within a radius of 6 miles from the city. 

An ordinance, passed in Deceml)er, 1S96, refers to milk. P^ach dairy and dairy 
herd must be inspected by an officer of the board of health jn-evious to tlie issuing 
of a license for the sale of milk therefrom. The tul)ercuiin test is authorized. 
Inspected animals are tagged. 

During the past year $()00 (city $400, State |200) was expended in llie supervision 
of the milk supply. One milk and health inspector and one food and dairy inspector 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 75 

give a part of their time to this work. One thousand milk samples were examined 
by the Babcock test, and five samples by gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological 
examinations were made. All city herds and dairy farms were inspected twi(«. 
Although there is no "model dairy" near the city, it is stated that all dairies "are 
conducted with care under inspection." 

Kecently dairies have improved in cleanliness, and the use of bottles has increased. 
It is stated that the milk supply might l)e further improved if examination of samples 
could 1)e made in district bacteriological and chemical laboratories established by 
the State. 

Sioux City. ( Population, 3:>, 111.) 

[For coiniwrisoii with other cities in Class III, see p. 'M.] 

O. P. McCray, agent of the dairy commission. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 1.09 pints per 
capita. Milk is sold from 10 stores and 46 wagons. Glass bottles, filled at the pro- 
ducing farms, are used to a limited extent in the delivery of milk, and this i)ractice 
is increasing. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per (piart in 
summer and 6 cents in winter. There are no "model daries" near the city. Within 
the city limits there are 41 herds, including 610 cows, and milk is l)rought in wagons 
from dairy farms within 6 miles of the city. 

The State expends annually about $144 in the supervision of the city milk supply, 
one official giving a part of his time to this work. During tlie jiast year 720 samples 
of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were 
made; none of the city herds were inspected. 

Council Bluffs. (Population, 25,802.) 
[For coinparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

W. A. Groneweg, city milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,600 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita, 
besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 250 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 6 
stores and 31 wagons. About one-half of the dealers use glass bottles for delivering 
milk; these are filled both on the farms and in the city, and their use is increasing. 
Nearly one-third of the milk is pasteurized, but this practice is not increasing. The 
retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the pro- 
ducers receiving 2 J cents throughout the year. There are no " model dairies" near 
the city. Within the city limits there are 22 herds, incliuling 300 cows, and milk is 
sent in from 5 (?) dairy farms. One-third of the total supply comes in by railway, 
the longest shipment being 7 miles. 

One official of the State dairy commission gives a part of his time to the super- 
vision of the milk supply. During the past year milk samples were collected and 
examined by the Babcock test three or four times every month; no bacteriological 
examinations were made; none of the dairy herds were inspected. 

The greatest recent improvement has been in the increased use of glass bottles, 
which are both convenient and cleanly. It is suggested that all herds, barns, dairy 
buildings, etc., should be inspected once each month, and that all milk and cream 
be delivered in bottles, or small cans, so as to avoid unnecessary contamination by 
dust, etc. 

Cedar Rapids. (Population, 25,656.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, sec p. 34.] 

J. W. Griffith, V. S., city milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,500 gallons, or 0.47 pint per 
capita, besides 400 gallons of skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 



76 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

from 35 stores and 40 wagons. Glass bottles, tilled mostly at the farms, are used by 
one-half of the milkmen. Milk was pasteurized by one dealer, but, on account of 
the small demand for it, the practice has been discontinued. The retail price is 4 to 
5 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers receiving 2 to 3 cents in sum- 
mer and 3 to 4 cents in w inter. There is no dairy near the city which is conducted 
in an entirely satisfactory manner. Within the city limits there are 8 herds, includ- 
ing 200 cows. No milk is received by railway. The most distant source of snpjily 
is 12 miles from the city. 

The city expends nothing for milk inspection work, this being done by the State 
dairy commission, one official giving a part of his time to this work at a cost to the 
State of |150. During the past year milk samples were examined by the Babcock 
test; no bacteriological examinations were made, and none of the dairy farms were 
inspected. 

Recently the milk supply has improved, due to greater cleanliness at the produc- 
ing farms. It is suggested that all milch cows he tested with tuberculin. 

Burlington. (Population, 23,201.) 
[For comparison witli utlu-r cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

W. C. Hummed, health officer and milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,600 gallons, or 0.55 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 1 store and 44 wagons. One firm delivers milk in sterilized glass 
bottles, which are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 
cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" 
near the city. Within the city limits there are 50 herds, including 1,200 cows. 
Milk is sent in from 12 dairy farms, the most distant being 20 miles from the city. 

A city ordnance gives the health officer power to ]irosecute under State law and to 
prohibit the sale of impure or adulterated milk. 

Nothing is appropriated by the city for the supervision of its milk supply, this work 
being under State control. During the past year 600 samples of milk were examined 
by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations w'ere made; 35 of the 50 city 
berds, but none of the dairy farms, were inspected. 

Needed improvements, as given, inclnde thorough inspections of milk and dairies, 
such inspections to be made often until the character of the supply is satisfactory. 

Clinton. (Population, 22,698.) 
[For comparisiin witli other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

B. P. Norton, State dairy connnissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1 ,000 gallons, or 0.35 pint per capita, 
besides 60 gallons of cream. In explanation of this apparently low consumption it 
is stated that many families keep their own cows and the milk from these is not 
included in the above estimate. Milk is sold fi-om 10 stores and 30 wagons. Very 
little milk is delivered in glass bottles, filled at the farms and in the citj"; none is 
pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers 
receiving 2 cents in sununer and 2 J cents in winter. There are no so-called " model 
dairies" near the city. Milk is sent in irom 30 dairy farms, the most distant lieing 
10 miles from the city. 

The city milk supply is under State supervision. Din-ing the j>ast year 4,000 
samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test. 

Recent improvement is due to the decreased use of i)reservatives. 



MILK SUPPLY OB^ TWO HUNDRED CITIES, 77 

Ottum^wa. (Population, 1S,197. ) 
[For I'oiuparisou witli dlher i-itiu.s in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

E. B. Hill, milk agent. 

The daily coiisunn)tioii of milk is estimated as 606 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita, 
besides 15 gallons of skimmed milk and 12 gallons of cream. In explanatioii of this 
small consumption, it is stated that there are 200 cows kept hy private families in 
the city, and the milk from these is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold 
from 1 store and 18 wagons. Only a few bottles are used in the delivery of milk, 
and these are filled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents 
per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, proilucers receiving 2^ cents and 3 cents 
in the two seasons. There are no so-called "model dairies" near the city. Within 
the city there is one herd (12 cows), and milk is sent in from 20 dairy farms within 
a radius of 10 miles. About 8 per cent is received by railway. 

During the past year 576 samples of milk were examineil by the Babcock test; 1 
bacteriological examination for typhoid bacilli; 1 of the 20 dairy farms was inspected. 

Keokuk. (Population, 14,641.) 
[For riiinpiirisoii with other eities in Chiss IV, see p. 40.] 

Frank Harshman, deputy State dairy c-ommissioner. 

The daily consumption of nulk is estimated as 500 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita, 
besides 30 gallons of skimmed nulk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 20 
stores and restaurants and 16 wagons. Glass bottles are not used, and no milk is 
pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per (juart in summer and 6;v cents in winter, 
producers receiving 4 and 5 cents in the two seasons. There are no " model dairies" 
near the city. About 500 cows in the city and on 16 dairy farms produce the milk 
supply. The most distant dairy farm is 4 miles from the city. 

About |126 ia expended annually as the salary of one State official, who gives a 
part of his time to this work. During the i>ast year 432 samples of milk were exam- 
ined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all city cows 
and all dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to a Ijetter grade of cows and more 
careful feeiling. 

It is stated that milk should be delivered in bottles tilled at the farms. 

MarshalltoAvn. (Population, 11,544.) 
[For comparison with other eities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

E. INI. Singleton, M. D., city milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or 0.55 pint jier capita, 
besides 100 gallons of skinmied milk and 20 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 1 
store and 14 wagons, and about one-half of it is delivered in glass l)otties fihed at the 
farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 4 to 5 cents per quart in summer and 
5 to 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ cents per quart. There are no "model 
dairies" near the city. Within the city there are 2 herds, including 35 cows, and 
milk is sent in from 12 dairy farms M'ithin a radius of 3 miles. 

About |110 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply as the 
salary of one State official, who gives a part of his time to this work. During the past 
year 500 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test. 

It is stated that dairies should be inspected, and that cleanly methods be required. 



78 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



KANSAS. 

General Statutes, 1897, volume 2, sections 322 to 331, refer to milk and food. The 
sale of adulterated and skimmed milk with intent to defraud, or the sale (knowingly) 
of the product of diseased animals, is forbidden. It is unlawful to sell food which 
is adulterated, this term Ijeing defined at length. 

Kansas City. (Population, 51,418.) 
[For comparison with other cities of Class II, see p. 30. See also Kansas City, Mo.] 

Jat'ol) S. Heisey, inspector of licenses, weights, measures, and milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.47 ]iint per capita, 
besides Kio gallons of cream. In addition to the above, 4,000 gallons of milk is used 
daily by six oleomargarine manufacturers. Milk is sold from 100 stores and 75 
wagons, (.ilass bottles are not used in delivering milk. During the summer months 
fully 80 per cent of the milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per 
quart throughout the year. There are no "model daries" in this vicinity. Within 
the city limits there are 42 herds, including 1,000 head of cattle. A part of the city 
milk supply comes 40 miles by railway. 

Ordinance No. 3720, August, 1899, refers to milk. Persons selling milk must have 
permit. Adulterated, diseased, etc., milk is prohi))ited. Inspector nuist inspect all 
dairies and dairy cows within the city limits during the months of April and October, 
and he may inspect dairies beyond the city limits on payment of $2 each and 5 cents 
per mile. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Condensed milk, 
buttermilk, sour milk, or skimmed milk must be properly labeled and be from pure, 
wholesome milk. 

Besides exjjenses borne by the license depaitment, about $100 is ]iaid each year 
to a veterinary surgeon for assistance in examining herds. No milk samples were 
examined during the past year, but all the city herds and 10 dairy farms were 
inspected . 

The form for notice which must be sent to the inspector when cows are added to 
a dairy herd is shown in Appendix IV (p. 199). 

Recent improvement has been made in the quality of milk ))y the introduction of 
cows producing rich milk. 

Topeka. (Population, 33,608.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

J. P. Farnsworth, city food insj^ector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.48 pint per 
capita, besides 50 gallons o-f skimmed milk and 80 gallons of cream. This is sold 
from 20 stores and 50 wagons. Five per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, 
which are filled in the city; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per 
quart in summer and 5 to 64 cents in winter, producers receiving 2J cents in sum- 
mer and 2h to 3 J cents in winter. The milk from one "model dairy" near the city 
is sold for 84 cents per quart and higher. Within the city limits there are 4 herds, 
including 00 cows, and milk is brought to the city in wagons from 150 dairy farms 
within a radius of 10 miles. 

Ordinances No. (520, of May, 1886, and No. 802, of April, 1888, refer to milk. 
The food inspector (salary |900) must inspect the milk supply. Persons selling 
milk must register with the board of health. Adulterated, etc., milk is proliibited. 
Milk from cows fed on refuse from starch factory, vinegar factory, or glucose factory 
is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed 
milk must be labeled. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 79 

About $1,000 is expended annually in the supervision of foods, the inspector giv- 
ing a part of his time to the milk supply. During the past year about 400 samples 
of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were 
made; all the city herds and nearly allthe dairy farms were inspected. 

It is stated that the milk supply would be very much improved if producers would 
not aerate their milk in or near )>arns. 

KENTTJCKY. 

Acts of 1891, 1892, and 1893, chapter 182, section 144, refer to milk. It is unlaw- 
ful to knowingly sell milk that is adulterated, or from a diseased cow or from a cow 
fed upon still slop, brewers' slop, or brewers' grains. Skimmed milk shall not be 
sold with intent to defraud. 

Acts of 1900, chapter 13, refers to foods. It forbids the sale of a food which is 
adulterated or contains an antiseptic or preservative, unless same is branded "adulter- 
ated," and sold for what it is. The State agricultural experiment station may inspect 
an<l analyze foods, adulterated i>roducts to be reported to the Connnonwealtli attor- 
ney of the distrit-t, or county attorney, or city attorney for prosecutions. The director 
of the agricultural experiment station is empowered to fix standards of purity, etc., 
and has published the following: Milk, 1 2 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat; cream, 15 per 
cent fat; both of these to be free from preservatives or coloring matter. 

Louisville. ( Po])u]ation, 204,731.) 
[Fur comi)aris(in with otluT cities in Class I, see p. 20.] 

• M. K. Allen, M. D., health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 10,000 gallons, or 0.39 jiint per 
capita, besides 8,000 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 100 stores and 250 wagons. Possibly one-fourth of the milk is delivered in 
glass bottles, which are filled on the producing farms. Only a small amount of milk 
is pasteurized, but the practice is increasing. The retail ])rice of milk is 5 to 6} cents 
per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents per quart in summer and 
3-] cents in winter. There are three or four especially well-conducted dairies near 
the city which retail their product as high as Ti cents per (juart. Within the city 
limits there are about 100 herds, including 1,000 cows. There are also about 100 
dairy farms sending milk into the city. It is estimated that one-half of the total 
millv supply is shipped by railway, the longest shiiiment being 50 miles. 

Ordinance No. 108, series 1898, adopted in May, regulates the milk supply. Each 
person sending milk into the city must iiaveai)ermit from the health officer, granted 
in January of each year, free of charge. Permit numbers must be shown on wagons, 
and names (jf dairymen supplying milk must be shown in vStores, etc., where it is 
sold. Permit holders must furnish, once every three months, a certificate from a 
veterinarian to the effect that all his milch cows are free from disease. The tuberculin 
test may be required in any herd suspected of infection with tuberculosis. J^ach 
cow must have 600 cubic feet air space, and all dairy buildings must be well con- 
structed and painted or whitewashed. The standard for milk is 12 per cent milk 
solids, 3 per cent fat, and a specific gravity not less than 1.029; cream must con- 
tain 20 per cent of l)utter fat. The sale of unwholesome or adulterated milk is pro- 
hibited, including milk from cows within fifteen days before or ten days after 
calving, from cows fed on distillery waste or any fermenting substance or given any 
unwholesome food or drink, or from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition, 
milk from which any part of the cream has been removed, and milk to which any 
foreign substance has been added. Skimmed milk may be sold, if plainly labeled, 
and if it contains the normal amount of casein and salts. Bottled milk must not be 
delivered to, nor empty bottles taken from, any dwelling where there is a contagious 



80 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

disease, and no person who has been exjiosed to a contagious disease shall work in a 
dairy. Dairy employees must maintain strict cleanliness. Manure must be removed 
twice daily, one hour preceding each milking. The teats and, if necessary, the 
udders must l)e carefully cleaned before milking. All ajjparatus used in handling 
milk must be of nonabsorbent material and be kejit clean at all times. When milk 
vessels are filled they shall be promptly removed from the stable and not stored in 
a room where animals are kept. The health officer must be notified within twenty- 
four hours after the discovery of a contagious or infectious disease among the cows. 
Diseased cows must be isolated. 

The full text of the milk ordinance is shown in Appendix I (p. 169). 

The city does not provide a specific fund for the supervision of the milk sai)})ly. 
Three sanitary inspectors of the health department occasionally give attention to 
this part of the food supply. During the past year 475 samjiles of milk were 
analyzed, and al)out 25 of the 100 city herds and 25 of the 100 dairy farms were 
inspected; no bacteriological examinations were made. 

Marked improvement has been made in the sanitary condition of the dairies. 
Further needs, as given, include close attention to the sanitary condition of the 
dairies, the use of the tuberculin test, and bacteriological examinations of the milk. 

Covington. (Population, 42,988.) 
[For comparison with other cities in ('liiss III, see p. 34.] 

Charles W. Reynolds, health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,500 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita. 
This is sold from 140 stores and 36 wagons. Two firms deliver milk in glass bottles, 
these being filled at the producing farms. The same firms pasteurize milk and the 
demand for milk so treated is increasing. Milk is retailed at 6 to 8 cents per quart 
throughout the year; the milk from one "model dairy" is sold regularly at 8 cents. 
There are no dairy herds within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 31 dairy farms, 
all within 9 miles of the city. 

During the past year 372 samples of nnlk were examined by the lactometer and 
Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were macie; all the dairy farms were 
inspected. 

Ne"wport. (Population, 28,301.) 

No reply to inquiries was received. 

Iiexing'ton. (Population, 26,369.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] 

F. O. Young, M. D., president of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.(il pint per 
caj^ita, besides 258 gallons of skimmed milk and 178 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 10 stores and 48 wagons. Ninety per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bot- 
tles filled at the farms. About one-third of the supply is pasteurized, and this prac- 
tice is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6} 
cents in winter, producers receiving 3J cents and 3| cents, respectively. Milk is 
brought to the city in wagons from 39 dairy farms, the longest haul being 7 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. 

LOUISIANA. 

Acts of 1882, No. 82, refers to foods. It forbids the sale of adulterated fo(>d, whit-h 
term is defined at length. It is the duty of the State board of health to investigate 
foods. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 81 

New Orleans. (Population, 287,104.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26. i 

Quitman Kohnke, M. D., health oflScer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,609 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita, 
besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 75 gallons of cream. Milk is distributed 
from 17 stores and 410 wagons. A few venders use glass bottles in their trade. A 
small amount of milk is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing in favor. The 
retail price of milk is 7^ cents per quart both in summer and winter, producers 
receiving 2| cents. There are 3 ' ' model dairies ' ' in the vicinity which sell their 
product for 10 cents per quart during the entire year. There are 440 dairy herds, 
including 6,686 cows, within the city limits, producing 86 per cent of the total supply, 
and 69 dairy farms send milk into the city, the longest shipment being 83 miles. 

Several city ordinances relate to the milk supply. The principal one appears to be 
No. 16204, adopted in May, 1890; others are 4627 of 1890, 6596 of 1892, and 7581 of 1893. 
It is required that a permit be obtained for the production or sale of milk or other 
dairy product to be used as food in the city. This is issued by the board of health, 
free of charge, and only after certain detailed information regarding the source of 
the milk and the conduct of the proposed business has been filed; it is revocable for 
cause. Permit number and name of supplying dairy, etc., must appear on delivery 
wagons. The requirements for dairy stables and milk rooms are given in considera- 
ble detail, some of them being that all dairy buildings must be constructed in a sani- 
tary manner, jirojierly equipped, and well cared for; 600 cubic feet of air space must 
be allowed for each animal; milk appliances must be of nonabsorbent material; milk 
cans must be removed from the stable promptly when filled and be thoroughly 
scalded when cleaned; refrigerators must be constructed and located in a particular 
manner; milk must not be stored in a room where animals are kept; bottles nuist 
not be delivered to nor taken from any place where there is a contagious disease; 
bottles must not be filled on delivery wagons; stock must not be given impure water, 
nor fed on brewery grain or other unhealthy food; cows nmst be rejected if diseased 
and the tuberculin test nmst be used in their examination; healthy cows must be 
tagged; employees nmst be personally cleanly and healthy and not recently exposed 
to disease. The milk standard is 13 per cent solids, 9j j5er cent solids not fat, 3t per 
cent fat; specific gravity, at 60° F., 1.029. Adulterated milk, milk to which any 
foreign substance has been added*, or milk from unhealthy cows is prohibited. 
Skimmed milk may be sold if in plainly labeled vessels. No liquid other than milk 
or cream shall be carried in a milk wagon. 

The supervision of the milk supply is included in the work of the food inspection 
department and its expense to the city is not kept separately. In the department 
named there is one chief (a veterinarian), whose salary is $1,500, and 13 assistants 
paid $600 each. These oflicers inspect dairies and collect milk samples for the 
chemist, whose salary is $1,300. During the past year 1,141 .samples of milk were 
examined by the Babcock test, pycnometer, or gravimetrically; 2 bacteriological 
examinations were made for tubercle bacilli; all the dairy herds within the city and 
27 of the 69 dairy farms were inspected. 

Milk "runs" are made at frequent irregular intervals. The officer is supplied 
with a known number of bottles with perforated necks and the same number of per- 
forated lead seals, also short wires and a clamp. Samples must be sealed in the 
presence of the vender. The number of lead seals used and unused are checks on 
each other. The lead seals may be marked by venders if desired. (This method is 
explained here in detail because it differs from the one usually practiced by which 
samples are taken in duplicate, one being left with the vender for analysis or dispo- 
sition as he chooses.) 

It is said the average quality of the milk sold in the city has recently shown marked 
improvement. " 

25839— No. 46—03 6 



82 - BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

MAINE. 

Revised Statutes of 1883, chapter 38, sections 44 to 47, amended in 1887, 1893, and 
1897, and Public Laws of 1895, chapter 144, section 1, refer to milk. Milk inspectors 
shall be appointed in towns of more than 3,000 inhabitants, and may be appointed in 
smaller towns. They are required to keep a record of the names and addresses of all 
milk dealers, and may inspect places and vehicles where milk is sold and take samples 
for analysis. It is unlawful knowingly to sell milk from cows having tuberculosis or 
other disease or fed upon the refuse of breweries or distilleries or other deleterious 
substance, or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added. The 
milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk must not be sold 
for pure milk. IMilk must be sold by wine measure, and measures must be sealed 
annually. 

Public Laws of 1895 — chapter 169 requii'es that milk tests, for basis of payments, 
shall be accurate. 

Portland. (Population, 50,145.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

W. C. G. Carney, health inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.48 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 200 stores and 75 wagons. About one-fourth of the milk is deliv- 
ered in glass bottles which are filled in the city. Little or no milk is pasteurized. 
The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, pro- 
ducers receiving 3 cents in summer and 4 cents in winter. A few dairies near the 
city, better conducted than others, receive a slight increase in price for their product. 
Within the city limits there are 19 herds of milch cows, including 134 head, and milk 
is sent into the cijty from 40 dairy farms. About three-fourths of the total milk sup- 
ply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 48 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance and expends nothing in the supervision of its milk 
supply, therefore no inspection work has been done. 

Lewiston. (Poinilation, 23,761.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

James H. Goddard, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,800 gallons, or 0.61 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 10 stores and 75 wagons. Glass bottles, used only to a small 
extent, are filled at the farms. About 500 gallons are pasteurized daily; the practice 
is not increasing. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the pro- 
ducers receiving 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the 
city limits there are 25 herds, and milk is sent in from 50 dairy farms within a 
radius of 5 miles. 

State statutes regulate the sale of milk. 

About $200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one ofiicial 
giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year about 300 milk samples 
were examined by gravimetric analysis; no l)acteriological examinations were made; 
15 city herds and 10 of the 50 dairy farms were inspected. 

Waterville. (Poinilation, 9,477.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

A. Joly, D. V. S., milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita, 
besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 15 



MILK SUPPLY OB^ TWO HUNDKED CITIES. 83 

stores and 39 wagons, and a number of private families sell milk to their neighbors. 
About 75 per i-ent of the supply is delivered in glass bottles filled at the farms; none 
is pasteurized. The retail ])rife is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. 
There are four dairies conducted on a considerably better plan than others, but they 
receive no advance in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 8 
herds, including 75 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 39 dairy farms, the 
longest haul being 8 miles. 

State laws regulate the sale of milk. 

One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, 
one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 160 samples 
of milk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological exam- 
inations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

The milk inspector's report for 1899 shows that out of 201 samples examined 7 
were found to be below the standard, and these were from grocery stores where the 
milk was not mixed before sales. Thirty-four dairies were inspected, the inspection 
consisting of a physical examination of each cow and an examination of the water 
supply, drainage, ventilation, etc. Two herds were tested with tuberculin and found 
to be free from tuberculosis. 

Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to better barns, cows, and sanitary 
conditions. 

Belfast. (Population 4,615. ) 
[For comparison with otlier cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

W. L. West, M. D., milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 300 gallons, or 0.52 pint per capita, 
besides 20 gallons of skimmed milk and 5 gallons of cream. Milk is sold froni 6 
stores and 12 wagons. About one-half of it is delivered in glass l)ottles, filled at the 
farms, and the i)ortion thus served is increasing. No milk is pasteurized except by 
consumers after delivery. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents 
in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits 
there are 5 herds, including 125 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 30 dairy 
farms, the longest haul being 8 miles. 

About $50 is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, one official 
giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 150 samples of milk 
were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; no bacterio- 
logical examinations were made; each dairy farm was inspected every month. 

Recent improvement is shown in the feeding of cows and the handling of milk. 
Needed improvements, as given, include the testing of all cows with tuberculin; 
compelling milk to be delivered in glass l)()ttles, and the dissemination of informa- 
tion regarding the care and handling of milk. 

MARYLAND. 

Laws of 1894 — chapter 53 refers to milk. The mayor and city council of Baltimore 
shall make regulations for the sale and provide by ordinance for the inspection of 
milk and food products; shall provide for and fix compensation of inspectors and 
analysts. 

Laws of 1898 — chapter 306 refers to cattle and dairies. Cows producing market 
milk shall be registered with the live stock sanitary board, and a certificate of health 
may be furnished for a herd which is kept as the law requires and has no visible sign 
of disease. Said board must inspect at least annually premises where cows are kept 
and enforce rules requiring l)uildings to be sanitary, well lighted and ventilated, 
clean, and painted or whitewashed; cows to be clean, properly fed, and watered; 
milk vessels to be clean, etc. 



84 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Laws of 1890^ — chapter 604, sections 52 to 56, refer to milk and food. Diseased or 
unwholesome milk must not be sold. The State board of health is given power to 
enforce. 

Laws of 1900 — supplement, article 27, page 40, refers to milk and food. The milk 
standard is 12.5 per cent total solids, 3.5 per cent fat. The sale of adulterated milk, 
milk to which any foreign substance has been added, milk from diseased cows, and 
milk from cows fifteen da3's before or five days after parturition. Skimmed milk 
may be sold if properly labeled. Condensed milk must be from i^ure milk of stand- 
ard quality. 

Baltimore. (Population, 508,957. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

G. W. Lehmann, chemist of health department. 

Estimated average amount of milk used daily is 25,000 gallons, or 0.39 pint i)er 
capita; skimmed milk, 5,000 gallons; cream, 4,000 gallons. Milk is distributed from 
2,530 stores and 525 wagons. In its delivery glass jars are used by about twenty 
different concerns, only one of which brings the milk in them from the country. 
Pasteurized milk is used very little and is not increasing in favor. The retail price 
of milk is 5 to 10 cents per quart, the producers on the farms being paid 3 to 4 cents. 
There are three "model dairies" near the city and their milk is sold at 8 to 10 cents 
per quart. Within the city limits there are 3,314 cows in 539 stables and sheds. 
About 1,500 dairy farms send milk into the city, some of them from a distance of 
200 miles. 

Ordinance No. 87, 1894, ajjplies to milk and other food products. It requires that 
milk sold shall be the natural product of healthy cows, from which no cream has been 
removed and to which no liquid, solid, or preservative has been added; it shall con- 
tain 3 per cent fat and 12 per cent total solids, and at 60° F. have a specific gravity 
of at least 1.029. Skimmed milk or buttermilk may be sold if purchaser is advised of 
its character. The board of health enforces the ordinance and is authorized to 
make additional rules. Onlinance No. 130, 1894, provides for ])rompt confiscation 
of milk for violation. 

The city expends annually al)out $2,300 in the supervision of the milk supply. 
Two insi)ectors give their entire time and one chemist part of his time to this work. 
The year's work in 1900 included the exanunation of 31,803 lots of milk, aggre- 
gating 1,166,866 gallons, of which 11,226 gallons were spilled because shown by the 
lactometer or general appearance to be below the legal standard. The loss of his 
milk is practically the only penalty suffered by the offender; no arrests are made, on 
account of difficulty of prosecution before police justices. During the year 900 milk 
samples were examined for fat content by the centrifugal test and in a few cases by 
gravimetric analysis. The average of the analyses of 48 miscellaneous samples of 
milk taken during the twelve months, and which were considered good, showed 
total solids 13.96 per cent; fat, 4.58 per cent. It is suggested that some dealers use 
preservatives and some skillfully alter their milk with the aid of the lactometer, 
taking care not to bring it below the required standard. About 300 samples of, milk 
have been examined microscopically or bacteriologically for tubercle bacilli, pus 
cells, etc. An interesting study was made along this line: Milk from 11 dairy farms, 
after its arrival in the city, was found to contain from 5,160 to 383,200 bacteria per 
cubic centimeter, to 1.4 pus cells, and no tubercle bacilli. The clarifying of milk 
by means of a separator was not found to reduce its Ijacterial content. The milk of 
11 unsanitary dairies near the city limits was found in all cases to have pus cells, 
varying in number from 0.1 to 9.5 per cul)ic centimeter, and tubercle bacilli were 
found in the milk of 3 of these dairies. Stables within the city limits and the 
sanitary condition of the stock are frequently inspected by a veterinarian. In one 
recent year the city inspector of cow stables issued over 1,100 notices to abate nui- 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 85 

sances. Two hundred and twenty of the 1,500 dairy farms sending milk into the 
city have been inspected under the direction of the State Hve-stock sanitary board. 

The form to be attached to a can from which milk has been spilled is shown in 
Appendix IV (p. 206). 

There has recently been noticeable improvement in the quality of milk and the 
cleanliness of dairy stables, and increased care has been taken to exclude diseased 
animals from dairj^ herds. Suggested improvements include a standard of 13 per 
cent total solids and 4 per cent fat, and more milk inspectors and legislation to compel 
all milk shippers to submit to the regulations of the local health department. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

George M. Whitaker, agent of State dairy bureau, Boston. 

Acts of 1901, chapters 202 and 360; 1900, chapters 300, 359, 368, and 369; and 1891, 
chapter 412, sections 7 to 11, provide for the protection of dairymen, sealing of glass 
bottles and measures, enforcement of State dairy laws by the dairy l)ureau, and refer 
to adulteration of milk and destruction of milk vessels. Public Statutes, chapter 57, 
sections 1 to 11, amended; and acts of 1899, chapter 169, section 1 ; 1896, chapter 264, 
sections 1 and 2; 1894, chapter 425, section 1; 1889, chapter 326, section 1; 1886, 
chapter 318, sections 3 and 4, amended; and 1885, chapter 352, section 8, refer to 
milk, milk inspectors, etc. 

The dairy bureau is empowered to investigate all dairy products. The mayor and 
aldermen of cities shall, and the selectmen of towns may, appoint milk inspectors. 
(Under authority of other acts the milk inspectors of Boston, Lynn, and Somerville 
are appointed by the boards of health of those cities.) Persons peddling milk in 
cities or towns having milk inspectors must be licensed annually in May; fee, 50 
cents. License number and place of business must l)e shown on wagons, etc., and 
all changes of employees must be reported. Persons selling milk from stores, etc., 
must be registered; fee, 50 cents. Dealers in milk or cream may register in the office 
of the clerk of the city or town brands for bottles, cans, etc., including the word 
"registered," and cause the same to be published, and the use or destruction of such 
vessels or mutilation or destruction of marks thereon by other parties than the owner 
is prohibited, and it is unlawful to put into such vessels any unclean or foul sub.stance 
or matter. Inspectors may visit places where milk is sold and take samples for 
analysis. Duplicate samples must be given to owners when requested and report of 
analysis must be sent to them within ten days. It is unlawful to sell milk not of 
good standard quality, or adulterated milk, or milk to which water or any foreign 
substance has been added, or milk from cows diseased or fed upon the refuse of dis- 
tilleries; and it is unlawful knowingly to feed garbage to a milch cow. The milk 
standard, October to March, is 9.3 per cent solids not fat, 3.7 per cent fat; April to 
September, 9 per cent solids not fat, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk nnist be plainly 
marked; its standard is 9.3 percent solids not fat. Cans, bottles, etc., of specified 
capacities used for distribution of milk or cream shall be sealed as measures. Glass- 
ware, etc., used in tests shall be tested for accuracy and marked by the director of 
the Hatch experiment station, and once each year he shall test centrifugal machines 
used in such tests. Milk tests must be accurate, and persons manipulating them shall 
hold a certificate of competency from said director. Said director shall test by the 
Babcock method samples of milk or cream for farmers, creameries, factories, or milk 
depots, the charge being for actual cost. Convictions for selling adulterated milk 
must be advertised in newspapers. Condensed milk must be labeled with the name 
of manufacturer; if in hermetically sealed packages, brand and contents must also 
be shown. 

The State board of health does more than the dairy bureau in the supervision of 
the milk supply of cities. Very few sanitary inspections are made. The dairy 



86 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

bureau has no jurisdiction over local milk inspectors, but has broader power and to 
a limited extent cooperates with them. In most cities the chief work of the milk 
inspector consists of issuing licenses and keeping a lecord of certain statistical and 
other general information. In many cases their compensation is merely nominal. 

In several cities and towns the State laws relating to the milk supply are pub- 
lished and distributed by local authorities. 

Boston.« (Population, 560,892.) 
[For comparison with other cities in CImhs I, see p. 26.] 

Charles Harrington, M. D., inspector of milk. 

Alexandre Burr, health department. 

The daily receipts of milk are estimated at 82,250 gallons, or 1.17 pints per capita. 
In explanation of this apparently large per capita consumption, the insj)ector of milk 
states that a very large amount of milk is consumed each day at the quick-lunch 
places and elsewhere by the several thousand persons who live in neighboring cities 
and towns but spend the business hours in Boston. A single lunch room uses as high 
as 640 quarts daily. The milk supply is practically controlled by a few large con- 
tractors, who operate cars on the different railroads. The contractors will not sell 
skimmed milk. It is impracticable to estimate the amount of cream used, as a con- 
siderable part of it is shipped by express to retailers. Milk is sold in about 2,900 
stores; the number of wagons employed in its delivery is not known. Licenses for 
the sale, etc., of milk have been issued to the number of 506. Some licensees do not 
operate wagons, while others may run as many as 30. It appears that milk stores 
from which the milk is not peddled are not required to have a license, but simply a 
permit. Glass bottles filled in the city are quite extensively used for delivering 
milk; they are used but little in its trans])ortation. Very little pasteurized milk is 
on the market, and it is not increasing in favor. The retail price of milk is from 5 to 
8 cents per quart (32 fluid ounces) in summer and winter, and the producers are 
paid about 3 cents per quart in summer and 4 cents in winter. There are about 20 
well-conducted dairies in the vicinity of Boston, but, with one or two exceptions, 
they receive no advance in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 
126 dairy herds, including 739 head. The number of dairies sending milk into the 
city is not known; 75 per cent of the milk supply is received liy railway, the longest 
shipment being 140 miles. 

The regulations for the sale and care of milk adopted in December, 1898, are pub- 
lished in circular No. 8 of the board of health. Five sections of regulations adopted 
in 1892 appear to be also in force. Persons selling milk must obtain a license from 
the board of health annually, in May; it is revocable for cause. A statement of the 
conditions under which each cow is kept must be filed with the inspector of milk. 
No milk shall be sold from cows that have not, within one year, been examined and 
found to be free from dangerous disease. The tuberculin test is not required. 
License must be posted in a conspicuous place on premises, and wagons must bear 
owner's name and license number. All cans and vessels used in handling milk must 
be cleaned or sterilized before use, nor shall they be used for any other pm-pose. 
Rooms in which milk is stored, cooled, or mixed must have tight walls and floors 
and be kept clean, and must have proper appliances for washing or sterilizing all 
dairy utensils with boiling water or steam. Such room must not be connected with 
water-closet, urinal, etc., nor be used for stabling animals, nor shall milk be stored 
in a room used for domestic or sleeping purposes. Milk in stores, restaurants, etc., 
must be kept in a covered box or refrigerator properly drained and cared for. 



^The milk sujiply of Boston is discussed at length in Bulletin No. 20, Bureau of 
Animal Industry. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 87 

Every person engaged in handling milk must notify the board of health and stop 
the sale of milk when an infectious disease is discovered in his family or among his 
employees. All vessels handled by persons suffering from such diseases shall be 
thoroughly sterilized before being used to hold milk. Cow stables must have at 
least 1,000 cubic feet air space for each animal, be well lighted and ventilated, have 
tight roof and floors, be well drained, have a pure water supply, and be kept clean. 
Pastures must be clean. 

A copy of the instructions sent out by an enterprising Boston milk contractor to 
the dairymen from whom his milk is obtained is shown in Ap{)endix II (p. 181). 

About $13,000 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. 
An inspector, a chemist, a clerk, and three collectors of samples give their entire 
time to this work. During the past year about 15,000 samples of milk were exam- 
ined by lactometer and lactoscope, the Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis, all of 
them being tested for preservatives; no 1 bacteriological examinations were made; 
all of the city herds, and "many hundreds" of the dairy farms sending milk into 
the city, were inspected. A detailed description of the method of procuring samples 
of milk for inspection is given on page 22. 

The form for application to sell milk is shown in Appendix IV (p. 195). 

The form for reporting conditions at dairies is shown in Appendix IV (p. 196). 

The form for license to sell milk, receipt, and stub for same, are shown in Appen- 
dix IV (p. 202). 

Recent marked improvement has been made in the sanitary quality of the milk 
supply. Suggested improvements include the education of those who use milk, as 
well as those who produce it. The consumer wants his milk delivered early in the 
morning and insists that it must be iresh. He will not deal with one who would 
propose to deliver as late as 10 o'clock a. m., which is about the time the milk trains 
arrive. So the dealer is obliged to hold the milk, perhaps in his stable, through the 
day and over one night, in order that it may be delivered early in the morning. 

Worcester. (Population, 118,421.) 
[For t'ompiirisoii with otlier cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

C. Herbert De Fosse, inspector of milk. 

The milk inspector's records show that there are received in the city daily about 
16,500 gallons milk, 200 gallons skimmed milk, 250 gallons cream, and 400 cans of 
condensed milk. It would appear from these figures that the average consumption 
of milk is 1.1 pints per capita. But it is somewhat less than this, for the reason that 
considerable milk, cream, etc., is sent from Worcester to smaller towns within a 
radius of 30 to 40 miles. However, it is claimed that an unusually large amount of 
milk is consumed in the city, much of it being employed in cooking; bread made 
with milk is used to a large extent. It is estimated that the residents of the city 
pay annually for milk 11,095,000. Milk is distributed from 400 stores and 350 
wagons. About 85 per cent of the supply is delivered in glass bottles, and these are 
filled at the farms. Only about one two-hundredth part of the milk is pasteurized, 
and this treatment does not seem to be increasing in favor. The retail price of milk 
is 5J cents per quart, both summer and winter, its producers receiving 3| cents per 
quart throughout the year. Twenty-five of the dairies which are conducted in the 
most satisfactory manner sell their product at 7 cents per quart in sinnmer and 8 
cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 340 dairy herds, including 4,036 
head. Five hundred and sixty-eight dairy farms send milk into the city; about 1 
per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 25 miles. 

The city authorities appropriate $1,000 annually for the supervision of the milk 
supply. Three officers give a part of their time 6ach day to this work. During the 
past year 1,400 samples of milk were examined, 200 general bacteriological examina- 
tions were made, and 316 dairy herds within the city limits were inspected. 



88 BUREAU OF AKIMAL INDUSTRY. 

The form for recording data regarding milk samples is shown in Appendix IV 
(p. 204.) 

The form for reporting analyses of milk samples is shown in Appendix IV 
(p. 206). 

Previous to April, 1899, little was done to govern the supply of milk in this city. 
Since that date facilities for examining milk samples have been provided by the 
equipment of a new laboratory. 

The recent introduction of a large number of cows giving rich milk has caused a 
marked improvement in the quality of the supply. An ordinance is needed to reg- 
ulate the sanitary condition of places where milk is kept. 

Fall River. (Population, 104,863.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 20.] 

Thomas F. Wiseman, secretary of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated at 6,000 gallons, or about 0.46 pint 
per capita. The estimated quantities of skimmed milk and cream used daily are 4 
and 50 gallons, respectively. Milk is distributed from 327 stores and 320 wagons. 
About 10 per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, and the portion thus 
handled is increasing. The bottles are filled almost exclusively at the farms. Little, 
if any, milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6 cents per quart in sum- 
mer and 6 to 7 cents in winter. The producers on the farms realize 3J to 4J cents 
per quart in summer and 4 to 5^ cents in winter. The product of five well-conducted 
dairies is sold for 7 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits 
there are 105 herds of milch cows, including 350 head. Two hundred and forty 
dairy farms send milk into the city. All these are within a radius of 10 miles, and 
the milk is brought in by teams. 

An ordinance adopted June, 1899, and milk regulation No. 71 refer to the milk 
supply. A license to sell milk in a store or from a wagon must be obtained from the 
board of health, and all dairy premises, vessels, and vehicles must be kept in a sani- 
tary condition satisfactory to said board. License must be posted in .stores and car- 
ried in delivery wagons, and wagons must bear owner's name and wagon and license 
numbers. Milk adulterated by watering, skimming, or by the addition of any for- 
eign substance, milk from diseased cows or cows fed on distillery waste or other 
fermented food, milk from cows within fifteen days before or five days after calving, 
or milk from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition is prohibited, and may 
be seized and destroyed. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. 
Persons selling skimmed milk must obtain a special license from the board of health, 
and delivery wagons and vessels must be plainly marked "Skimmed milk," etc. 
Milk shall not be kept, nor bottles washed, in any room used for sleeping or any 
domestic purposes or in a room opening into the same, nor shall milk Ite stored in a 
stable, and a room separate from the stable and water-closet shall be provided on 
dairy farms for straining and cooling milk, the same to have tight floors and walls. 
Cows must be examined at least once a year for tuberculosis and other contagious 
diseases in a manner approved by the board of health. All dairies shall be insi>ected 
at least every June and December, and written report of their condition filed with 
the city clerk for public examination. Walls of cow stal)les must be cleaned and 
whitewashed at least once every six months. Milk in stores must be kept in a 
refrigerator or other tight receptacle separate from any food or contaminating prod- 
uct, and iced in warm weather. Milk in wagons shall be protected from dust, and 
on the streets it shall never be transferred from one vessel to another except when 
delivered to the consumer. Milk 'shall not be sold in bottles unless they are first 
washed with hot water cleaning solution and then with tdean hot water; thej' must 
not be filled except at the dairy or creamery, or in a room free from dust. Vessels 
handled by persons suffering from a contiiginus disease must be sterilized before 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



89 



being used to hold milk. No attendant suffering from or suspected of a contagious 
disease is allowed to care for cows or handle milk. Every person engaged in han- 
dling milk must notify the board of health and stop the sale of milk when an infec- 
tious disease is discovered jn his family or among his employees. 

The section referring to skimmed milk is shown in Appendix I (p. 179). 

About $1,250 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. One 
milk inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the year 257 samples were 
examined by the Babcock test, 7 being found below standard; no bacteriological 
examinations were made. All the dairies within the city and all of the dairies and 
farms sending milk to the city were inspected. 

Since the appointment of a milk inspector there has been much improvement in 
the sanitary condition of dairies, milk utensils, etc. It is believed that to a certain 
extent the production of market milk should be under State authority. Frequent 
bacteriological examinations of the milk supply should be made. 

The form for recording inspection of stores, etc., is sho-(vn in Appendix IV (p. 207). 

The form for recoixling inspection of wagons, etc., is shown in Appendix IV (p. 208). 

Lowell. (Population, 94,969.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Thomas O. Allen, inspector of milk and vinegar. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 7,700 gallons, or 0.65 pint per 
capita, besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from about 350 stores and 156 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of 
about one-fourth of the total supply, and are filled both in the city and at 
the dairy farms. Only about 8 i>er cent of the mik is pasteurized, and there is 
no increase in the practice. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in sum- 
mer and 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving 2.7 cents in summer and 3 cents 
in winter. The product of one "model dairy" near the city is sold for 7 cents per 
quart throughout the year. There are only about 100 cows within the city limits, 
and no data are available as to the number of dairy farms sending milk into the city. 
About 300 gallons is shipped into the city by railway, the longest shipment being 
20 miles. 

State laws regulate the milk supply. 

The supervision of the milk and vinegar cost the city last year $2^329.97. Two 
officials — one inspector, who is also city analyst, and one collector of samples — give 
their entire time to this work. During the past year 2,972 samples of milk were 
examined by the Balx-ock test and by gravimetric analysis; only a few bacteriolog- 
ical examinations were made. 

The averages of total solids in samples of milk collected from wagons and stores, 
in different months of the year, are as follows: 



January . 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 



From 
wagons. 



Per cent. 
12.80 
12.92 
13.16 
13.11 
12. 82 
12. 92 



From 

stores. 



Per cent. 
12.16 
12.41 
12.98 
13. 21 
13. 20 
12.05 



July 

August 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December. 



From 
wagons. 



From 
stores. 



Per cent. Per cent. 
12.70 ■ 



l2. 72 
13.00 
13.07 
13.03 
j.3.00 



11.50 
12.06 
12.83 
12.47 
11.94 
12. 77 



It is stated tlpat a law is needed to regulate the sanitary condition of dairy barns, lots, 
pastures, etc., and that it would lie well to have a standard of cleanliness for dairies, 
those not coming up to it to be excluded fioui the privilege of selling milk in the city. 



90 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Cambridge. (Population, 91,886.) 
[For conipari.son with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Philip P. Sharpies, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,074 gallons, or 0.79 pint per 
capita. In addition to what is used by ice-cream manufacturers and bakers, 202 
gallons of skimmed milk and 116 gallons of cream are used in family trade. There 
are sold, daily, 4,324 gallons of milk from 410 stores, 4,639 gallons by 156 milkmen, 
and 111 gallons from "private cows." Three-fourths of the milk used in family 
trade is delivered in glass bottles, the greater part of them being filled in the city. 
Little or no milk is pasteurized; one concern tried it, but is now out of business. 
The retail price of milk is 4 to 8 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 9 cents in winter, 
the producers receiving 3^ cents in summer and 3h cents in winter. The milk (jf a 
few well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 8 cents per quart in summer and 
9 cents in winter. Within 'the city limits there are 76 herds of milch cows, includ- 
ing 234 head. Five hundred or more dairy farms send milk into the city. The city 
herds produce, daily, 476 gallons of milk; wagons haul to the city 3,770 gallons, and 
railway trains bring 4,828 gallons. The longest shipment is 100 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance, the milk supply l)eing regulatecV 1)y State laws. 

One thousand five hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the 
milk supply. Two officials — an inspector and his deputy — give one-half of their 
time to this work. During the past year 3,367 samples of milk were examined by 
the Babcock test; suspected samples were tested for coloring and preservatives, and 
all the city herds were inspected. 

The form used when applying for milk license is shown in Appendix IV (2>. 188). 

Recent improvement in the quality of the milk supply is said to be due to the fact 
that it is now largely in the control of concerns that pay strict attention to the char- 
acter of the milk they handle. It is recommended that the license fee for stores be 
raised to $50. 

Lynn. (Population, 68,513.) 
[For comparison with otlier cities in Class II, see p. 30. 

William E. Welts, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as6,000 gallons, or0.70 pint per capita, 
besides 600 gallons of skimmed milk and 125 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
350 stores and 75 wagons. Glass bottles are used to a limited extent in the delivery 
of milk, these being filled both in the city and at the producing farms. Only a very 
small (juantity of milk is pasteurized and the practice is decreasing. The retail price 
of milk is 4 to 7 cents per quart, ])oth summer and winter, the producers receiving 
2 to 32 cents per quart throughout the year. A few especially well-conducted dairies 
near the city sell their product for 7 cents per quart the year round. Within the 
city limits there are 60 herds, including 350 cows, and milk is sent into the city from 
about 800 dairy farms. Two-thirds of the entire milk supply is shipped by railway, 
the longest shipment being about 300 miles. 

Regulations adopted in April, 1899, supplement the State laws referring to the 
milk supply. Cows which produce milk for the city must have been examined 
(within one year) and found free from dangerous disease. Rooms where milk is 
handled must be properly constructed and located; all dairy utensils must be kept 
clean and, when exposed where contagious disease exists, must be thoroughly steril- 
ized. Milk from places where there is any contagious disease is prohibited. 

The city expends $2,500 annually in the supervision of its milk supply. Two 
officiaLs — an inspector and a collector of samples — give their entire time to this work. 
The number of milk samples examined during the past year is not re'ported; all the 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 91 

herds in the city and all the dairy farms within the State sending milk to the oity 
have been inspected. 

Recently the quality of the milk supply has improved, due to the enforcement of 
the milk regulations. It is recommended that tuberculin tests be made of cows out- 
side the State producing milk for the city. 

Lia-wrence. (Population, 62,559.) 
[For oompixrison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Michael A. Scanlon, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,000 gallons, or 0.76 pint per cap- 
ita, besides 500 gallons of skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
700 stores and 200 wagons. Glass bottles are used quite extensively in the delivery 
of milk. The increase in their use will be checked by the destruction of some bot- 
tles under an act of the State legislature requiring all bottles to be sealed by the sealer 
of weights and measures. The bottles are lilled mostly at the producing farms. Lit- 
tle or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is about 6 cents per quart 
throughout the year. The producers realize 2^ to 3 cents per quart in summer and 
3j to 4 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 8 dairy herds, including 
130 cows. The longest shipment of milk from the country is 12 miles. 

State laws regulate the city milk supply. 

Only about $350 is exj)en(led annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. 
The inspector (salary $J50 per year) gives one hour daily to this work, occasionally 
going out to collect samples. During the past year 179 samples were examined by 
the Babcock test, and all of the city herds were inspected. When milk samples are 
found by the Babcock test to be below the standard, they are submitted to chemical 
analysis, for which the city pays $2 per sample. 

Recently a more even quality of milk has been supplied, owing to mixing the milk 
of numerous herds of cows, and its quality has improved because of more sanitary 
conditions at dairies. It is stated that the license fee should be raised from 50 cents 
to $25 or more, and closer attention should be given to producing dairies. 

New Bedford. (Population, 62,442.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Daniel C. Ashley, D. V. S., inspector of milk, provisions, and animals. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 7,000 gallons, or 0.90 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 201 stores and 170 wagons. A very small ]iart of the milk is deliv- 
ered in glass bottles, and these are tilled at the producing farms. No milk is i)asteur- 
ized. The retail price of milk is about 6 cents per quart throughout the year, 
producers receiving 3 to 3^ cents in summer and 3j to 4 cents in winter. There are 
no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 700 milch cows, 
kept 1 to 20 in a place. Milk is received from many of the adjacent towns. Only a 
small portion of the supply comes in by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. 

State laws regulate the milk supply. 

About $1,500 is expended annually for the inspection of milk, provisions, and 
animals. Two officials — an inspector and one assistant — give their entire time to 
this work. During the past year 900 sam})les of milk were examined by lactometer, 
lactoscope, etc.; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds were 
inspeqted. 

The inspector states that the most needed improvements are a more thorough 
inspection of milch cows with the aid of turberculin, and the enforcement of a 
requirement that dairy utensils be scalded after use. 



92 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Spring-field. (Population, 62,059.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

James Kimball, inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4, 750 gallons, or 0.61 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 103 stores and 133 wagons. About 1,000 quarts of milk is delivered 
in glass bottles, which are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail 
price « of milk is 6 cents jier quart, both summer and winter, except bottled milk, 
which sells for 7 cents per quart. The producers receive 3 cents per quart in summer 
and 3j cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" in or near the city. Within 
the city limits there are 20 herds of milch cows, including 130 head, besides al)out 
100 cows kept in private stalls, 1 or 2 in a place. Milk is sent into the city from 420 
dairy farms. All the milk is brought in by teams, the longest haul being 14 miles. 

A cooperative milk association controls a large i)art of the trade in Springfield. 
This association was organized in 1884. According to the fifteenth annual re])ort 
(1899), the receipts of milk during that yearwere 2,911,218 quarts, which was 38,000 
quarts less than the receipts of the previous year. There was paid to the farmers 
168,751.29, which was $1,373.08 more than in the previous year. The report showed 
150 patrons, 86 of whom were stockholders. 

There is no city milk ordinance. 

The city expends annually $100 in the supervision of its milk supply. During the 
past year a number of samples were examined l>y the lactometer and the Bal)cock test. 

Recent imi^rovement has been made in the milk supply, by an organized effort on 
the part of dealers requiring the producers to adopt better sanitary methods in hand- 
ling milk. There is need for a thorough inspection of all premises where milk is 
handled. 

Somerville. (Population, 61,643.) 
[For comparison witli other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

J. E. Richardson, ins])ector of milk and vinegar. 

The quantity of milk sold daily is reported as 7,640 gallons, or an average of 0.99 
pint per capita, besides 400 gallons of skimmed milk and 500 gallons of cream. In 
explanation of the apjmrently large consumption of milk it is stated that a part of the 
milk reported is prolmbly sold in adjacent towns. Milk is sold from 300 stores and 
185 wagons. In addition to the above, there were 5 cream teams, 1 condensed milk, 
and 1 modi(ied-milk team licensed. Glass liottles, filled in the city, are used in the 
delivery of about one-half of the milk supply. Only a limited amount of milk is 
pasteurized, with no increase in the ])ractice. The retail price of milk is 6 cents i)er 
(|uart in summer and 7 cents in winter, the producers receiving 3 cents in summer 
and 4 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the 
the city limits there are 2 herds, including 62 milch cows, besides 222 cows kept 1 or 



"The retail prices establisheil by the local milk dealers' association are as follows: 

Cents 
per <inart. 

Pasteurized and sU'rilized milk 8 

Bottled milk 7 

Can delivery, i)rivate families 6 

Boarding houses, hotels, etc: 

Less than 5 cjuarts daily 6 

From 5 to 10 quarts daily 5 

Ten quarts or more daily 4J 

Stores U 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 93 

2 in a place. There is no record of the number of dairy farms sending milk into the 
city. Seven-eighths of the total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment 
being 175 miles. 

The milk supjily is regulated liy State laws. 

About $500 is expended annually in the supervision of milk, one inspector giving a 
part of his time to this Avork. During the past year 575 samples of milk were exam- 
ined by tiie Babcock test and by gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examina- 
tions were made; 19 milk cases were jirosecuted. 

Holyoke. (Population, 45,712.) 
[For uompari.soii with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

James K. Morrill, inspector of milk and vinegar. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,373 gallons, or 0.77 pint per capita; 
also 488 gallons of skimmed milk and 63 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 172 
stores and 136 wagons, and about 25 per cent is delivered in glass bottles, which are 
filled mostly at the farms. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not 
increasing. Milk is retailed at 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, 
the producer receiving 3y cents and 3| cents, respectively. The milk from a few 
specially well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 7 cents per quart in summer 
and 8 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 78 herds, including 858 cows, 
and milk is sent in from 2,750 cows on about 300 farms. Very little milk is received 
by railway, the longest shipment being 16 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance, but prints State laws referring to milk. 

The city expends annually about $500 in the supervision of its milk supply, two 
oflficials giving nearly half their time to this work. During the jtast year 260 samples 
of milk were examined Ijy the Bal)cock test; no bacteriological examinations were 
made; all the city herds were inspected, and there were 5 prosecutions for violations, 
and 14 warnings. The prosecutions were: One for selling skimmeil milk from a can 
not properly marked, 1 for peddling milk without license, 3 for selling milk from 
stores without license. 

The form for warning against the sale of adulterated milk is shown in Appendix 
IV (p. 209). 

It is stated that there should be some limitation to sale of milk in markets, candy 
stores, etc., f nd that glass bottles should be more generally used. 

Brockton. (Population, 40,063.) 
[For comparison witli other cities in Class III, see p. ;5G.] 

Benjamin Thatcher, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,200 gallons, or 0.64 pint per capita, 
besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 40 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 150 
stores and 150 wagons. About one-half the milk is supplied in glass bottles filled at 
the farms, and a large percentage of it is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 
6 cents per quart throughout the year. There is one "model dairy '' near the city, 
but its product is not sold for an extra price. Within the city limits there are 41 
herds, including 584 cows. Milk is supplied from 20 dairy farms, the most distant 
one being 16 miles. No milk is received by railway. 

The city has no milk ordinance or regulation. 

During the past year $100 was expended for milk-inspection work; 25 samples of 
milk were examined; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 



94 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Haverhill. (Population, 37,175.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

Grantley W. Bickell, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,290 gallons, or 0.71 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 120 stores and 100 wagons. Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are 
used very largely in the delivery of milk. No milk i.s pasteurized. The retail price 
is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers receiving 3 cents and 3^ 
cents, respectively, in summer and winter. The milk from a few dairies conducted 
in a very satisfactory manner is sold at the regular price. Within the city limits 
there are 120 herds, including about 1,000 cows, and milk is sent in from 125 dairy 
farms, the most distant being 10 miles. 

A city ordinance requires four dairy inspections per year. 

The city expends annually about $150 in the supervision of its milk supply. No 
one official gives his entire time to the work. During the past year 275 samples of 
milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test; no l)acteriological examina- 
tions were made; all the city herds and 39 of the 125 dairy farms were inspected. 

The form to accompany application for milk license is shown in Appendix IV 
(p. 191). 

Improvement has recently been shown in the grade of cows, sanitary conditions 
of the buildings, and the care of utensils. The importance of having attendants free 
from disease is emphasized. 

Salem. ( Population, 35,956. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see page 36.] 

R. L. Newcomb, clerk of the l)oard of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,200 gallons, or 0.93 pint per capita, 
besides 33 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 80 stores and (il licensed wagons. 
One-third of the total quantity delivered is supplied in glass bottles, filled either at 
the farms or in the city. About 20 gallons of milk is pasteurized daily, and is sold 
for 7 cents per quart. The demand for milk so treated is increasing. The retail 
price of milk is 6 to 7 cents per quart in summer and 6 to 8 cents in winter, pro- 
ducers receiving 3j to 4 cents throughout the year. The milk from a few especially 
well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 7 to 8 cents per quart. Within the 
city limits there are 6 herds, including about 185 cows, and milk is sent in from 20 
dairy farms, the most distant being 12 miles. 

State officials supervise the milk supply. 

Chelsea. (Population, 34,072.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

George F. Marsh, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,800 gallons, or 0.89 pint per capita, 
besides 100 gallons of skinnned milk and 40 gallons of cream. IMilk is sold from 179 
stores and 46 wagons. Glass bottles are used almost entirely for retail delivery, being 
filled in the city. Milk is pasteurized only for special orders, and the practice is not 
increasing. The retail price of milk is 4 to 7 cents per quart in summer, and 5 to 8 
cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits 
there are 15 herds, including 140 cows. Ninety per cent of the milk is furnished by 
Boston contractors. 

About $225 is expended by the city for milk-inspection work. Diu'ing the past 
year 1,058 samples of nulk were examined by the lactoscope; no bacteriological 
examinations were made; all the city herds were inspected. 

An inspector is needed who is well e(]uipped for the work and able to give it 
sufficient time. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 95 

Maiden. (Population, 33,664.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

Henry M. Hartshorn, inspector of milk and vinegar. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.71 pint per capita, 
besides skimmed milk and cream in variable quantities. Milk is sold from 95 stores 
and 45 wagons. Only a few milkmen use glass ])ottles in the delivery of milk, and 
these are filled in the city. Little or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price of 
milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, producers receiving 3j and 
4 cents, respectively. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city 
limits there are 25 herds, including 183 cows. About half of the milk supply is 
received by railway, the longest shipment being 75 miles; this latter portion is 
believed to be of poorer quality than the milk produced near by. 

The revised ordinances of 1894, chapter XXX, supplement the State laws in regard 
to milk. License fee for the sale of milk is 50 cents. Name and place of business of 
every person convicted of selling adulterated milk must be printed in two newspa- 
pers in the city or county, as well as in the report of the milk inspector. 

The ordinance section regarding publication of names of violators is given in 
Appendix I (p. 180). 

The city expends annually about $300 in the supervision of its milk supply, one 
official given a part of his time to this work. During the past year 475 samples of 
milk were analyzed gravimetrically; no bacteriological examinations were made; 
nearly all the city herds were inspected. 

The examination of samples for milkmen and consumers is believed to have a 
beneficial and improving effect. 

N'e'wton. (Population, 33,587.) 
[For (!ompMris(iii with other cities in Chiss III, see p. 36.] 

Arthur Hudson, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,275 gallons, or 1.25 pints per capita, 
besides 32 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 140 stores and 130 wagons. Three- 
fourths of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, filled both in the city and at the 
farms. Very little milk is pasteurized, but the practice is increasing. The retail 
price of milk is 7 to 8 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3^ to 
4 cents. The milk from one ' ' model dairy ' ' near the city is sold regularly for 8 cents 
per quart. Within the city limits there are 41 herds, of 7 or more animals each, 
including 1,170 cows, besides those kept by private families. Sixty-three dairy farms 
send milk into the city. Only 21 gallons of milk is received daily by railway, the 
longest shipment being 50 miles. 

During the past year $601.39 was expended in the supervision of the city milk 
supply, one inspector giving about half of his time to this work. Samples to the 
number of 1,562 were examined by lactometer, doubtful samples by gravimetric 
analysis; bacteriological examinations were made for tubercle, typhoid, and lactis 
viscosis bacilli; all the city herds were inspected. 

The form for notification that license to sell milk must be secured is shown in 
Appendix IV (p. 200). 

There has been a recent improvement in the sanitary conditions at dairies and in 
the methods of handling milk. It is urged that printed instructions regarding the 
feeding of animals and the cooling and bottling of milk be distributed among milk 
producers. 



96 B^TREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

ritchburg. (Population, 31,531.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36. 

John F. Bresnahan, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,541 gallons, or 1.15 pints per capita, 
besides 45 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 99 stores and 126 wagons. Glass bot- 
tles, filled at the farms, are used quite extensively in the delivery of milk. No milk 
is jiasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers 
receiving 2i cents in summer and 2i cents in winter. The milk from a few well- 
conducted dairies near the city is sold at the regular price. Within the city limits 
there are 34 herds, including 404 cows, and milk is sent in from 1,152 cows on 58 
dairy farms within 12 miles of the city. 

Board of health regulations. May and June, 1897, supi^lement the State laws in 
regard to milk. A sj^eeial license is required for the sale of skimmed milk. Milk 
bottles must l)e filled in properly constructed rooms and be thoroughly cleaned 
before using. Milk should be kept at a temperature below 50° F. In selling milk, 
the contents of a can should be mixed before measuring out the desired quantity. 
Cow stables must be properly constructed and located, and be kept clean. Cows 
must be groomed at least three times a week when kept in stables. Adulterated, 
etc., milk is prohibited, and may be seized and destroyed. The milk standard is 12 
per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. 

The city expends annually $300 (?) in the supervision of its milk supply as the 
salary of the milk inspector. During the past year 25 samples of milk were examined 
by the lactometer; 4 bacteriological examinations were made for bacilli of typhoid 
fever and diphtheria. All of the city herds but none of the dairy iarms were 
inspected. 

Taunton. (Population, 31,036.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

F. M. Scudder, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,532 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 26 stores and 135 wagons. It is retailed at 6 cents per quart 
throughout the year. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the citj^ 
limits there are 77 herds, including 810 cows. The most distant dairy farm supply- 
ing milk is 9 miles from the city. No milk is received by railway. 

About $50 is expended annually by the city in the supervision of its milk supjjly, 
one inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 7 samples 
of milk were examined by the lactometer; no bacteriological examinations were 
made; all the city herds and nearly all of the dairy farms were inspected. 

Gloucester. (Population, 26,121.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

Fred Corliss, inspector of animals, provisions, milk, and vinegar. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,300 gallons, or 0.70 pint per capita, 
besides 125 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is sold. Milk is .sold from 124 
stores and 88 wagons. Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are used in the delivery of 
about 12 per cent of the milk supply. Very little milk is pasteurized and the prac- 
tice is not increasing. Milk is retailed from stores at 6 cents per quart and from 
wagons at 7 cents throughout the year, the producer receiving 3^ cents. Within the 
city limits there are about 700 cows and 50 herds. The most distant dairy farm 
supplying milk is 16 miles from the city. 

The city exjiends annually $150 in the supervision of its milk supply, the'ins]>ector 
giving a part of his time to this work. During the i)ast year all of the city cows were 
inspected; no samples of milk were examined for composition. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 97 

North Adams. (Population, 24,200.) 
[For comparison witli other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

Albert G. Nichols, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.66 pint per capita, 
besides 75 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons oi cream. Milk is sold from 10 
stores and 50 wagons. About one-fourth of it is delivered in glass bottles filled at 
the farms; little or none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in sum- 
mer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 cents throughout the year. There 
are a few dairies conducted better than others, but they do not receive an advance in 
price for their product. Within the city limits there are 27 herds, including 377 
cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 75 dairy farms, the longest haul being 9 
miles. 

An ordinance adopted in February, 1900, refers to milk. It requires that dairies, 
etc., be inspected in June and December, and premises and apparatus be kept clean; 
that cows be free from tuberculosis, and stables be whitewashed; that milk rooms 
be properly located and constructed; and that persons handling milk be free from 
contagious disease. 

One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, 
but this does not include a portion of the salary of the inspector of animals. During 
the past year about 300 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no 
bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms 
were inspected. 

Recent improvement in the city milk supply is due to an increased use of bottles. 
Further improvement would result from the pasteurization of milk and the steriliza- 
tion of utensils. 

"Woburn. (Population, 14,254.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see page 40.] 

Gorden Parker, inspector of milk and vinegar. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,032 gallons, or an average of 0.58 
pint per capita. Milk is sold from 16 stores and 30 wagons. Glass bottles are in 
general use in the delivery of milk and are filled in the city and at the farms. Little 
or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the 
year, producers receiving 3^ cents and 3| cents in summer and winter, respectively. 
There are no "model dairies" near the city. The longest distance milk is supplied 
to the city is 5 miles. 

One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. 
During the past year 25 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and gravi- 
metric analysis. Cattle are inspected by the local inspector of cattle and provisions 
under the direction of the State board of health. 

Improvement of the milk supply might be brought about by frequent inspection 
of herds and barns, and by educating consumers as to what good milk is, so that 
they will demand it. ,^«-— -*««,r 

Melrose. (Population, 12,962.) ' 

[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, eae p. 40.] 

William S. Briry, inspector of milk and vinegar. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita, 
besides 25 gallons of skimmed milk and 20 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 49 
stores and 69 wagons. Nearly all milkmen deliver milk in ^\mn bottles filled in the 
city. Some cream is pasteurized, and the practice is increasing. The retail price of 
milk is 5 to 7 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 4 cents. Six 

25839— No. 46—03 7 " ^ 



V8 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

dairies, better conducted than others, receive 7 cents per quart for their product. 
Within the city Hmits there are 40 herds, inckiding 150 cows, and milk is sent in from 
25 dairy farms. About 5 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 

10 miles. 

The city prints State laws I'elating to the inspection and sale of milk. 

One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, 
one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 36 samples 
of milk were examined by lactometer and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological 
examinations were made. 

Wakefield. (Population, i>,290.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

Josiah S. Bonney, inspector of milk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or an average of 0.68 
pint per capita. Milk is sold from 93 stores and 54 wagons. A large amount of 
milk is delivered in glass l)ottles filled at the farms; little if any is pasteurized. The 
retail jjrice is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, i:)roducers receiving 3^ cents in 
summer and 4 cents in winter. A few well-conducted dairies receive 7 cents per 
quart for their product. Within the city limits there are 83 herds, including 343 
cows. About 12 per cent of the milk is received by railway, the longest shipment 
being 35 miles. 

There is allowed annually the sum of $150 as salaries of milk inspector and i-ollec- 
tor. During the past year 154 samples of milk were examined by the Babcoc-k test 
and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city 
herds were inspected; $150 was collected as fines, and $40 as license fees. 

The inspector believes that better sanitary conditions should obtain at dairies, 
and that all the milk should be pasteurized. 

North. Attleboro. (Population, 7,253.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.]. 

W. Henry Kling, inspector of milk, provisions, and cattle. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 885 gallons, or 0.98 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 6 stores and 34 wagons. Four dealers deliver milk in glass Ixtttles 
tilled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per quart 
throughout the year, i^roducers receiving 3 to 35 cents in summer and 4 cents in 
winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there 
are 24 herds, including 275 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 8 dairy farms, 
the longest haul being 4 miles. 

About $200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one official 
giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 150 samples of milk 
were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; 
535 cows were inspected, and 3 condemned for tuberculosis. 

A copy of the form used for placing a cow or cows in quarantine when suspected 
of having tuberculosis is shown in Appendix IV (p. 199). 

Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to cleaner barns and cows and to 
more care in handling milk. It is recommended that employees wear special clothes 
while milking; that milk be removed from the stable immediately after milking; 
that cows be fed pure feeds and curried daily, and that iidders be washed before 
milking. 

MICHIGAN. • 

W. B. Snow, dairy and food commissioner, Lansing. 

Public acts of 1893 — No. 211, amended, provides that the dairy and food connnis- 
eioner shall inquire into the quality of dairy productg sold in the State, and gives him 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



99 



authority to take samples for analysis. Prosecuting attorneys shall assist in enforc- 
ing the food laws. Monthly bulletins shall be issued showing results of inspections. 

Public acts of 1887, No. 246, amended; 1899, No. 106, and 1873, No. 26, refer to 
milk and milk inspectors. The police commissioners of Detroit appoint a milk 
inspector, with rank of captain, sergeant, or roundsman. He is given authority and 
required to make inspections in Detroit and Wayne County. Conmion councils of 
cities and boards of trustees or councils of villages may appoint milk inspectors with 
similar powers. It is unlawful to sell unwholesome, adulterated, or impure milk; or 
swill milk; or colostrum; or milk from cows kept on garbage, swill, or any ferment- 
ing or deleterious substance; or milk from cows kept in connection with a family 
where there is an infectious disease; or milk, skimmed milk, buttermilk, or cream 
to which water, preservatives, or any foreign substance has been added; or know- 
ingly to sell milk from diseased cows or cows fed on the refuse of a distillery or a 
brewery. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent milk solids, 3 per cent fat, and a spe- 
cific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. Skinnued milk must 1)e plainly 
marked and have a specific gravity between 1.0.32 and 1.037. 

Public acts of 1895 — No. 193 forbids the sale of adulterated food, which term is 
defined at length. 

The dairy and food commissioner issues a monthly report showing in considerable 
detail the amount and character of the work- performed. Each report contains brief 
statements regarding the conditions of dairies visited during the month in the vicinity 
of cities and towns throughout the State. The character of the statements concerning 
dairies can best be shown by quoting one, which refers to an ajjparently well-managed 
place, and another referring to one in much need of imiiroveinent; they are as follows: 

(a) Condition of cows, very good and clean; feed, corn fodder, hay, and ground 
corn and oats; stables, very neat and clean and whitewashed; yard, clean and dry; 
ventilation, good; water, well; milk room, neat and clean, has cement floor; uses an 
aerator. 

(6) Condition of cows, good; feed, fodder, corn, and chops; stables, dirty and dark; 
yard, muddy and filthy; ventilation, none; water, well. 

This system of inspection is said to have had a very beneficial effect upon the milk 
supply of cities and villages. During the past year 447 dairies supplying milk to 48 
cities and villages were reported upon, in the different months, as follows; 



Month of inspec- 
tion. 


Cities aucl villages. 


No. of 
inspec- 
tions. 


Month of inspec- 
tion, 


Cities and villages. 


No. of 
inspetv 
tions. 




Lansing 


40 

8 

45 

57 

16 

3 

1 

6 

6 

4 

5 

5 

2 

6 

6 

1 

5 

68 


September.". 

October 

November 

November 


Flint 


16 


February 


Yypsilanti 


Holly , 


2 




Battle Creek 


Mount Pleasant , 

St, Clair , 


1 


March 


Jackson 

Adrian 


3 


April , 


Marine Citv , , 


5 




Hudson 


Algonac 


1 




Waldron 


Mount Clemens 

Reading 


9 




Hillsdale 


2 




Jonesville 


Hillsdale 


3 


May 


Eaton Rapids 




8 




Charlotte 




2 




Wayne 


Three Rivers 


4 




Northville 


Cassapoiis 


2 




Albion 


Kalamazoo 


6 




Marshall 




2 




Grass Lake 


Benton Harbor 

St. Joseph 


4 




Chelsea 


7 


June 


Saginaw 


Monroe 


3 



100 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Month of inspec- 
tion. 


Cities and villajfes. 


No. of 
inspec- 
tions. 


Month of inspec- 
tion. 


Cities and villages. 


No. of 
inspec- 
tions. 




SummerfieldTownsliip 
Niles ■- 


2 

4 

25 

10 

2 

12 

4 

2 

1 

1 

6 


December 




1 




Albion 


3 




Port Huron . . 


Jonesville 


3 




Pontiac 


Manistee 


1 




Lapeer 


Big Rapids 


4 




Wyandotte 


Eaton Rapids 


2 




Alma 


Total inspections 
in 48 cities and 
villages 










Ithaca 






Hart 






Frankfort 












Cadillac 













The departtnent has waged a vigorous campaign against the use of preservatives, 
and reports 49 prosecutions. 

Detroit. { Population, 285, 704. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Cla.ss I, see p. 26.] 

M. B. Fauykner, milk inspector. 

C. L. Stewart, M. D., milk insjiector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 15,000 gallons, or 0.42 pint per 
capita. While the daily receipts of milk are 25,000 gallons, a considerable portion 
of this is delivered to suburban places and used in the manufacture of ice cream, 
butter, and cheese. It is also estimated that 2,000 gallons of skimmed nulk and 700 
gallons of cream are consumed daily. IMilk is sold from 700 stores and 230 wagons. 
Glass bottles are u«ed in the delivery of about half the total supply. Pasteurized milk 
is used only to a sinall extent, but its use is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 
cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving 2 cents in 
summer and 2 J cents in winter. Three "model dairies" near the city sell their 
product for 7 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter. Within the city 
limits there are 50 dairy herds, including 250 head. About 500 dairy farms send 
milk into the city. 

A city ordinance of twelve sections, adopted and amended in 1897, regulates the 
city milk supply. Any person selling milk must have a license for each establish- 
ment or vehicle. Every person delivering milk by hand "in quantities less than 1 
gallon to each customer" shall wear upon his vest a small shield bearing the number 
of his license. Licenses are issued annually by the mayor and cost it^l each. Adulter- 
ated milk, milk from cows fed on fermented or other unhealthy food, milk produced 
in places where any contagious disease is known to exist, or any milk that does not 
come up to the legal standard of 12.5 per cent total solids, 3 per cent fats, and a 
specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033 at 60° F., is prohibited. Skimmed milk may 
be sold if the packages are plainly labeled and if it has a specific gravity at 60° F. 
between 1.032 and 1.037. 

The city expends $1,000 annually in connection with the supervision of its milk 
supply. One officer, an inspector, gives his entire attention to the work and one 
chemist part of his time. During the past year 1,219 samples of milk were exam- 
ined by lactometer and the Babcock test, a part of them being analyzed gravimetric- 
ally and 850 of them being examined for preservatives; 12 liacteriological examinations 
were made for typhoid and tubercle bacilli; and one.-half the city herds were 
inspected. In the two years ended June 30, 1900, 681 samples of milk were exam- 
ined for preservatives and 43 of them were found to contain formaldehyde and 9 
boracic acid. The milk inspector reports the results of the examination for fat and 
specific gravity of several samples of milk from different breeds and a few samples 
of fore milk and strippings. 



MILK SUPPLY OP TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 101 

The greatest recent improvement has been in the composition of the milk. There 
should be more thorough inspection of dairies, veterinary examination of all milch 
cows, and more care in the handling of the milk supply by producer, middleman, 
and retailer. Care should be taken not to license a dairy that is not capable of pro- 
ducing good milk. 

Grand Rapids. (Population, 87,565.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

George F. Kichardson, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 0.46 pint per 
capita, besides 500 gallons skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 51 licensed stores and 228 wagons. About 20 per cent of the retail trade is 
supplied in glass bottles, and these are filled mostly at the producing farms. The 
retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the pro- 
ducers on the farms receiving 2 cents in summer and 2 to 3 cents in winter. The 
milk from 7 well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 6 to 8 cents per quart 
throughout the year. There are about 1,000 milch cows within the city limits, and 
milk is sent in from 228 licensed dairy farms. About 5 per cent of the supply is 
shipped into the city by railway, the longest shipment being 100 miles. 

An ordinance adopted in October, 1897, and amended in November, 1897, refers 
to milk. Licenses for the sale of milk, issued annually, cost as follows: One wagon, 
$5; each additional wagon, $2; hand carts, $1; cans carried by hand, 50 cents; dairies 
and creameries, $5; private house, restaurant, etc., $1. But any farmer selling only 
the milk from his own cows is licensed free. Dairies and dairy herds furnishing 
milk must be inspected before license is granted. The use of the tuberculin test is 
authorized. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12.5 per 
cent total solids, 3 percent fat, specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. 
Skimmed milk must be plainly labeled. 

Ordinance section regarding milk license fees is given in Apjaehdix I (p. 178). 

About |1,600 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. Two 
oflficials — an inspector at $800 and an assistant at |600 — give their entire time to this 
work. During the past year 1,500 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock 
test for butter fat, and the Westphal balance for specific gravity; no bacteriological 
examinations were made; all the city cows and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvements include better methods in the care of cows; greater cleanli- 
ness in dairies, and proper aeration and cooling of milk. It is l)elieved an organiza- 
tion of milk producers and dealers should be effected to promote the common 
interest^i — encourage better methods, etc. 

Saginaw. (Population, 42,345.) 
Nf) reply tij inquiries was received. 

Bay City. (Population, 27,628.) 
[For comparisun with other cities in Class III, see p. 3G.] 

W. H. Gilbert, milk inspector. 

Daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.87 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 8 stores and 28 wagons. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, 
including 40 cows, besides private cows kept for family use, 1 to 3 in a place. Milk 
is sent in from about 27 dairy farms within 6 miles of the city. 

An ordinance adopted in May, 1898, regulates the sale of milk. Dairies and dairy 
herds supplying milk must l>e inspected previous to the issuing of licenses. License 
fee for the sale of milk is as follows: From wagons, $10 each; hand carts, $3; hand 
peddlers, |2; dairies or creameries, |5; restaurants, etc., |2; private houses, |1 for 



102 BUREAU OV AmUAl. InIDUSTRY. 

each cow. Dairymen outside the city furnishing milk for city peddlers pay no license 
fee. The sale of adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. Bottles used in the delivery 
of milk or cream must be sterilized, and the milk and cream aerated and cooled pre- 
vious to bottling. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and 
specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.0.33. Skimmed milk containers must 
be labeled. 

During nine months in 1900, 168 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock 
test, no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy 
farms were inspected. 

Jackson. (Population, 25,180.) 
[For eomparisou with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

J. C. Harter, food and sanitary inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,745 gallons, or 0.55 pint per 
capita. This is sold from 60 stores and 52 wagons. Nearly all the milk is delivered 
in glass bottles which are filled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail 
price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 cents 
in summer and 2^ cents in winter. About one-half the dairies are said to be con- 
ducted in a satisfactory manner, and one to be a "model." Within the city limits 
there are 8 herds, including 55 cows, and milk is brought to the city in wagons from 
59 dairy farms, the longest haul being 6^ miles. 

The city milk supply is under the supervision of the food and sanitary inspector. 
During the past year 220 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test and 
gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds 
and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Battlecreek. (Population, 18,563.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

E. Cunningham, assistant milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,400 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 4 stores and 26 wagons. All milk dealers deliver milk more or 
less in glass bottles, filled some at the farms and some in the city. A small amount 
of milk is pasteurized and the practice is increasing. The retail price is 5 cents per 
quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 cents. Within the city there are 6 
herds, and milk is l)rought in from 70 dairy farms within a radius of 9 miles. , 

An ordinance adopted in Jime, 1898, refers to milk. License fee for retailing loilk 
is as follows: Milk wagons, $5; hand carts, hand peddlers, stores, etc., $2; each 
wagon after the first, $3. Persons having one cow are exempt from license fee. 
The tuberculin test is authorized in the inspection of cows. Cows must be kept in 
good sanitary condition and be given wholesome food. Impure, adulterated, etc., 
milk is prohil)ited. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and 
sjjecific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033. Special license is required for the sale of 
skimmed milk and buttermilk, and their containers must be labeled. 

One hundred and thirty dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the 
milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past 
year 560 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test; all the 
city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent im)>rovement in the quality of the supply is due to greater cleanliness at 
dairies and thQ aeration of the milk. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 108 

Lansing'. (Poimlation, 16,485.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

V. W. Crum, M. D., health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,000 gallons, or an avearge of 0.49 
pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. Milk 
i.s sold from 3 stores and 22 wagons. About one-third of it is delivered in glass bot- 
tles filled on the farms. Only a very small amount of milk is pasteurized, and the 
practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout 
the year, producers receiving 2 and 2k cents per quart in the two seasons. Within 
the city limits there are 3 herds, including 32 cows, and milk is brought in wagons 
from 45 dairy farms, the longest haul being 4 miles. 

Nine hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, 
one official giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 41 samples of 
milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test; 4 samples were examined for 
tubercle bacilli; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

MINNESOTA. 

W. W. P. McConnell, State dairy commissioner, St. Paul. 

General laws of 1899, chapter 257, amended, and chapter 295; and 1895, chapter 
202 and chapter 203, refer to milk, etc. It is the duty of the State dairy and food 
commissioner to enforce all laws relating to dairy products. Persons peddling milk 
in cities and towns having 1,000 or more population must, every May, procure a 
license from the State commissioner at a cost of $1 for each vehicle; and license 
number, name, and business address shall be shown on vehicles. Stores, booths, 
etc., are licensed at the same fee. Changes of drivers or other employees must 
!)e reported. It is unlawful to sell milk or cream from milk that is unclean, 
unwholesome, or adulterated, or that has not been cooled or aerated, or to which 
preservatives or other substances have been added; or milk from cows kept in 
crowded, filthy, or poorly ventilated stables; or milk from cows having tuberculosis, 
ulcers, or other disease, or fed upon distillery waste or brewery grains, etc. ; or milk 
from cows less than 15 days before or 5 days after parturition. The milk standard 
is 13 per cent solids, 3^ per cent fat. The cream standard is 20 per cent fat. 
Skinmied milk must be plainly labeled. Cans, bottles, etc., used in the transporta- 
tion of milk over any railway or boat line must be emptied before the milk sours, 
and then promptly cleaned. Ordinances not conflicting with State laws may be 
passed by the council of any city, providing for the inspection of milk, dairies, and 
dairy herds within the city limits, and may require licenses (without fee) for selling 
milk; and inspectors, experts, etc., may be appointed for their enforcement. 

The Penal Code, section 331 amended, provides that whoever adulterates milk 
with the intent of selling it as miadulte rated, or knowingly makes such a sale, is 
guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Dairies numbering 1,025 have been inspected in 129 cities; between 200 and 300 
dailies shipping milk to these cities are not inspected. 

Forms for recording data regarding milk samples are shown in Appendix IV 
(p. 203). 

Minneapolis. (Population, 202,718.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

W. D. McCall, milk and bread inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 28,000 gallons, or 1.11 pints per 
capita. This large amount is explained by the common use of milk by the Scandi- 
navian element. It is estimated also that 335 gallons of skimmed milk, 3,536 gallons 



104 BUREAIT OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

of cream, and 200 gallons of buttermilk are consumed daily. Milk is s»ld from 
about 400 stores and 500 wagons. Only a small percentage of the milk is delivered 
in glass bottles and these are filled in the city. The trade in pasteurized milk is as 
yet unimportant. About half of the cream is pasteurized. The retail price of milk 
is 5 cents per quart in sunnner and 5 to 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving 2^ 
cents in summer and 3 cents in winter. Within the city limit»s there are about 2,500 
cows, and perhaps half of them are kept by persons who have only 1 or 2; the total 
within a radius of 10 miles is 10,000, included in 450 herds. Outside the 10-mile radius 
there are 50 dairy farms sending milk into the city. One-fifth of the total supply of 
milk is received by rail, the longest shi{)ment being 75 miles. 

An ordinance to regulate the city milk supply was passed by the city council in 
1895 and has since been amended three times (twelve sections). A license is required 
for the sale of milk; applicant must give detailed information regarding the manage- 
ment of the dairy whence his supply. The dairy must be inspected by a veterinarian 
acceptable to the health commission, and the animals must be examined for tuber- 
culosis and other diseases. For the detection of tuberculosis the use of tuberculin is 
authorized f; this is furnished by the health department free of charge. All inspected 
animals are tagged to show the presence or absence of infectious disease. Investiga- 
tion of dairies is reported to the city council before decision as to issuing a license is 
made. The license is issued without charge; it extends until the first of the following 
May, but can be revoked for cause. The sale of impure milk or milk from unhealthy 
animals is prohibited. Cows within the city must be kept clean, and they must not 
be fed on brewery grains or other food which will cause the milk to be unhealthy, 
and their drinking water must be pure. No foreign matter shall be added to milk, 
nor shall any constituent be removed; it must contain 13 per cent solids and 35 per 
cent fat. Skimmed milk may be sold if in a vessel plainly labeled. 

About 15,000 is expended annually for the supervision of the city milk supply. 
Three officers give their entire time and 2 part of their time to this work; these 
include 1 veterinarian, 1 chemist, 1 milk inspector, and 2 dairy inspectors. During 
the past year 3,022 samples of milk were analyzed by the Babcock test and by 
gravimetric analysis; a few samples were examined bacteriologically; 92 of the city 
herds and 99 dairy farms were inspected; 1,516 milk dealers were warned that their 
milk must be improved, 5 were convicted and fined for watering their milk, 1 was 
convicted for selling without a license, and 1 firm was convicted and fined for selling 
a preservative. 

In the year 1900, 4,450 cows were tested with tuberculin and only 79 were con- 
demned; this was 1.78 per cent as compared with 9 per cent in 1895, when the use 
of tuberculin was inaugurated. During the year 43 cows were retested; 33 of them 
reacted and were condemned. 

The form for notice to milk dealers to disj)luy licensee number on delivery wagons 
is shown in Appendix IV (p. 00). 

The most marked recent improvement is sliown by the increased willingness on 
the part of dairymen to have their herds inspected. More well-trained insjjectors 
are needed for the proper enforcement of the law. 

St. Paul. (Population, 163,065.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

W. W. P. McConnell, State dairy and food commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 12,000 gallons, or 0.59 pint per 
capita, besides about 1,500 gallons of skimmed milk and 1,200 gallons of cream. 
Milk is distributed froin 400 stores and 325 wagons. (Jlass bottles are used in the 

«The right to use tuberculm was confirmed by the supreme court of Minnesota. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 105 

delivery of al)Out one-seventh of the supi)ly, and these are filled in the city. Ten 
per cent of the milk is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing. The retail price 
of milk is 5 cents per (jnart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving 
If to 2 cents in summer and 2J to 4 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies " 
in the vicinity. Within the city limits and within a radius of 10 miles there are 300 
dairy herds, including 6,600 head; 80 other dairy farms send milk into the city. 
About 20 per cent of the Biilk supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 
75 miles. 

City ordinance No. 2042, April, 1899, regulates the milk supply. Every person 
selling milk is required to hold a license, application for which must be accompanied 
by a statement giving certain information regarding location, source of milk supply, 
etc. Sale may commence after applfcation is filed and may continue unless license 
is refused. The dairy must be examined by an inspector, special attention being 
given to the health of the cattle, each one being tagged to show its condition. A 
charge of 50 cents per animal is made for inspection. If the inspector's report is 
favorable, the license is issued, to be effective one year; license number must appear 
in milk stores and upon delivery wagons. The use of the tuberculin test is author- 
ized. The sale of adulterated or unwholesome milk, milk taken from diseased or 
unclean cows, or cows fed on fermented brewery grains or distillery waste, or given 
impure water, milk kept in unclean vessels or in unsanitary surroundings, or milk 
containing a preservative, is .prohibited. The milk standard is 13 per cent solids, 3i 
per cent fat. Skimmed milk may be sold if in vessels plainly labeled. Cows within 
the city limits must not be overcrowded or kept in badly ventilated stables. 

The city expends annually about |2,000 for the improvement of its milk supply. 
No one official gives his entire time to this work, but various employees of the health 
department are detailed from time to time. During the past year more than 500 
samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, and those that did not come 
up to the required standard were subjected to gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological 
examinations were made; all of the producing dairies were inspected, many cows 
being examined for tuberculosis. 

Lately special attention has been given to the better feeding of the cows, and proi)er 
aeration and refrigeration of the milk. Needed improvements include better sani- 
tary conditions, greater care in handling milk, and the sterilization of all milk utensils. 
It is proposed to have the State provide for the payment for milch cows condemned 
by the city authorities on account of tuberculosis or other diseases. 

Duluth. (Population, 52,969.) 
[For comparison with otlier cities iu Class II, see p. 30.] 

W. W. P. McConnell, State dairy and food commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita, 
besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 225 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
45 stores and 95 wagons. About 3 per cent of the total supi)ly is delivered in glass 
jars which are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk 
is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving about 
1| cents in summer and 2f cents in winter. The product of one small "model dairy " 
is sold for 7 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 
about 100 dairy herds, including 1,100 cows, and milk is sent in from about 45 dairy 
farms in Minnesota and 20 in Wisconsin. About 33 per cent of the total supjily is 
received by railway, the longest shipment being 155 miles. 

The milk supply is regulated by State laws. 

One official is detailed from the State dairy and food commission to Duluth and 
vicinity to inspect dairies, dairy cattle, milk, and other food supplies. For this 
work an annual salary of $1,200 is paid. During the past year 400 samples of milk 



106 BUREAU OB^ ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

were exainiued Vjy the Babeock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; 
all the herds in the city and all the dairy farms except those in the adjoining State 
were inspected. 

Recently there has been a marked improvement in the character of the milk 
supply, due to an increased interest on the part of producers in furnishing a pure 
article. Suggested improvements, as given, are the refrigeration of milk during 
railway transportation and the inspection of milk and cream shipped from the farms 
out of the State. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

This State has no milk law. 

MISSOURI. 

Laws of 1891, page 163, empowers cities and towns "to license and regulate milk 
dairies and the sale of milk, and provide for the inspection tliereof." 
The supervision of market milk is left entirely to local authorities. 

St. Louis. (Population, 575,238.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class 1, see p. 20.] 

Henry J. Helwig, M. D., milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 26,375 gallons, or 0.37 pint per 
capita, besides 3,000 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is used. Milk is sold from 
1,987 stores and 1,109 wagons. In the delivery of milk, glass liottles are generally 
used, the greater part of them being filled in the city. Very little milk is pasteurized 
and there is no increased demand for this treatment. The retail price of milk is 5 
cents per quart when delivered from the can and as high as 8 cents when in glass 
bottles, the producers receiving 2 to 2| cents, the price per quart varying according 
to the percentage of butter fat. Three dairies in the vicinity conduct their business 
in an especially satisfactory manner, and are paid as high as 12^ cents per quart for 
their product. Within the city limits there are 400 herds, including about 8,000 
cows, and milk is sent into the city from 119 dairy farms. 

Ordinance No. 2(^808, August, 1902, regulates the city milk supplw License to 
sell milk and cream at retail is $\, in addition to a semiannual license of 12.50 for 
each delivery vehicle; license to sell at whole.sale is $25. The sale of imi)ure, adul- 
terated milk, milk from diseased cows, milk containing any foreign substance, or 
milk from cows within tifteen days before or twelve days after calving is {)rohibited. 
The milk standard is solids, 11.5 per cent; fat, 3 per cent. Cream must not contain 
less than 12 per cent fat. Skimmed milk (all milk containing less than 10.5 per 
cent total solids and 1.5 per cent fat) may be sold if in properly labeled containers 
and if the "Skimmed Milk" sign is displayed on wagons and in stores front which 
it is sold. Condensed milk must be made from i)ure milk. Dairies where milk is 
produced for use in the city must be inspected at least once a month under the 
direction of the city chemist. Milch cows must be free from disease. Cases of sick- 
ness of persons or anintals on dairy farms must be reported. Milk must not be 
exposed to contagious disease, and must be cooled down to 45° F. and maintained 
at or below 50° F. until delivered to customers. The inspectors must give bonds 
to faithfully perform their duties and are given the usual authority to enter dairy 
premises to make inspection. 

The city expends annually for the supervision of the milk supply $1,850, and 1 
inspector gives his entire time to the duties of the office. During the year, 684 sam- 
ples of milk were examined b\' lactometer and the Babeock test, and 72 bacteriolog- 
ical examinations were made for typhoid bacilli. About seven-eighths of the herds 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 107 

within the city Uinits were inspected. It is admitted tliat the law is not well 
enforced. Many of the city dairies are said to use brewers' grains and to ])e kept in 
an insanitary condition, and a considerable portion of their cows are believed to be 
tuberculous. 

The composition of the milk has recently improved. There is great need for a 
State sanitary officer to inspect dairies and dairy herds and to see that they are kept 
in good sanitary condition. 

Kansas City (including- Kansas City, Kans. ). (Population, 215,170.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 2C.] 

R. H. Hodges, meat and milk inspector. 

Population: Kansas City, Mo., 163,752; Kansas City, Kans., 51,418 — total, 215,170. 

The daily consumption of milk in the two cities is estimated as 25,000 gallons, or 
0.93 pint per capita, besides some skimmed milk and cream. Milk is sold from 400 
stores and 420 wagons, (^lass bottles are used by one large concern and they are 
filled in the city. Trade in pasteurized milk is unimportant. The retail price of 
milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 5J cents in winter, the producers on the 
farms receiving 2h cents per quart in sunnner and 3 cents in winter. Two or three 
specially well-conducted dairies near the city sell their product for 6 <'ents per quart 
throughout the year. There are 40 herds, including 700 cows, within the city limits, 
and about 240 dairy farms send milk into the city. One-fifth of the total milk sup- 
ply is received by railway. 

Sections of the " Revised ordinances of Kansas City of 1898," referring to the milk 
supply, are Nos. 1015 to 1020, 1023, 1029 (amended by ordinance 11,179, March, 
1899), and 1030 to 1035. License is required for the sale of milk or cream, and its 
number and date of expiration must be shown upon delivery wagon. Persons selling 
milk must furnisli to the l)oard of health a list of their supplying dairies, with a 
statement showing the location of stables, pastures, etc. The sale of milk or cream 
that is impure, adulterated, or preserved, or from a cow condemned by the health 
officer, is prohibited. Required standards are, for milk, 3 per cent fat; buttermilk, 
9 per cent solids not fat; skimmed milk, 9 per cent solids not fat. Skimmed milk 
must be in a vessel plainly labeled, and when sold at retail a gummed label bearing 
the words "Skimmed milk" must be attached to each vessel into which it is placed. 
Special attention must be given to milk, cream, and buttermilk served at hotels, etc. 
A thorough inspection nuist Ije made every two months or oftener at all places where 
milk is produced for sale in the city, careful attention being given to the pastures, 
feeds, health of the cows, and sanitary conditions. If nnprovements directed are 
not made the sale of the milk is stopped. The manufacture, sale, or use in milk of 
any compound for the purpose of adulteration or preservation is prohibited. Inform- 
ers are entitled to one-third of fines collected. 

Ordinance section regarding inspections of dairies, etc., is given in Appendix I, 
(p. 179). 

About $2,500 is appropriated annually for the supervision of the inilK supply. 
One inspector and one chemist give their entire time to this work. During the past 
year 2,500 samples of niilk were examined by the Babcock test, and deficient sam- 
ples by gravimetric analysis; 125 bacteriological examinations were made for tubercle 
bacilli; and all the dairy herds within the city and 200 of the 240 dairy farms were 
inspected. 

Recent improvements in the milk supply are due to the almost entire abolishment 
of preservatives, to an increase in the percentage of butter fat, and to better refrig- 
eration of milk in transit, Needed improvements include advancement in the price 
of pure niilk, enforcement of the law, and legislation regulating the equipment and 
conduct of dairies. 



108 BUREAU OF ATflMAL IKDUSTRY. 

St. Joseph. (Population, 102,979.) 
[F'or coniiparison willi otlier cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

H. N. Keener, M. D., clerk of board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 8,562 gallons, or 0.66 pint per capita, 
besides 4,290 gallons skimmed milk and 100 gallons t-ream. Milk is sold from 30 
stores and 125 wagons. Little if any milk is delivered in glass jars. A small amount 
is pasteurized under the directions of physicians for special cases. The retail price of 
milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and G§ cents in winter, the producers receiving 2j 
cents per quart in summer and 2| cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" 
in this vicinity. Within the city limits there are 68 dairy herds, including about 
1,000 head, and just outside there are 25 dairies; l)ut the exact number of dairy 
farms sending milk into the city is unknown. One-eightli of the total milk supply 
is received ])y rail, the longest sliipment being 50 miles. 

The ordinance regulating the milk supply requires every milk and cream dealer 
to have a license, costing $15 per year, and every person selling milk from only 1 
cow to have a license costing $2.50. Every milk dealer must register his license, 
together with the names and addresses of persons supplying him with milk. The 
legal standard for milk is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk is per- 
mitted if purchasers know its character. Informers are entitled to one-third of the 
fines collected. 

No definite fund is appropriated for the supervision of the milk supply, small 
amounts being set aside at intervals for this purpose. There is no official milk 
inspector, the little work performed being done by an officer of the board of health. 
During tlie past year only 6 samples of milk were examined by lactometer; no exam- 
inations were maile for bacteria; 12 of the 68 city herds and 18 dairy farms Avere 
inspected. 

Demand for a l)etter milk supply is responsible for some recent improvement. 
Needed improvements include thorough inspection of all dairy herds supjilying milk 
and the enforcement of the milk ordinances. 

Joplin. (Population, 26,023.) 
[For comparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 3f).] 

J. II. Spencer, mayor. 

It is claimed that 50,000 peojile in and near the city are supplied with milk. The 
daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,500 gallons, besides 50 gallons of skimined 
milk and 25 gallons of cream. On the basis of the larger population the average con- 
sumption of milk would be 0.56 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 21 stores and 32 
wagons. Glass bottles filled at the farm are used by one concern in the delivery of 
milk. The retail ])rice is 5 cents per <juart throughout the year. There are 5 
especially well-conducted dairies, and their milk is sold at the regular price. There 
is only 1 dairy herd (25 cows) within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 22 dairy 
farms, the most distant one being 20 miles from the city. 

The city has no milk ordinances. 

Nothing is expended by the city for the supervision of its milk supply. During 
the past year no samples of milk were examined for composition, but the State veter- 
inarian examined nearly all the herds which produce milk for the city and found no 
tuberculous cows. 

MONTANA. 

Penal ('ode, 1895, section 1095, makes it unlawful to keep a milch cow in a crowded 
or unhealthy place or in a diseased condition, or to fee<l such cow upon any food 
that ])roduces unpure or unwholesome milk. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 109 

Laws of 1901, page 66, refer to the sale of milk. It is unlawful to sell adulterated 
milk — milk containing any added foreign substance, or milk from a diseased cow. 
In cities having a population over 5,000 the milk and meat inspector must he a gradu- 
ate of a veterinary medical college. He must inspect, at least once a month, all 
dairies supplying milk, and cows must be subjected to the tuberculin test. In cases 
where they are free from disease, certificates of health are given. Milk must not be 
exposed to infection from persons having a contagious disease. Milk utensils, etc., 
must be kept clean. The milk standard is 12 j^er cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and a 
specific gravity not less than 1.025. 

Butte. (Population, 30,470.) 
[For comparison with otiier cities in Class III, sec p. 36.] 

J. H. Cronin, sanitary inspector. 

It is stated that 75,000 people in and near the city are supplied with milk. The 
daily consumption of milk is estimated as 7,000 gallons, besides 1,000 gallons of 
skimmed milk and 100 gallons of cream. On the basis of the larger population, the 
average consumption of milk would Ije 0.75 pint per cajjita. Milk is sold from 12 
stores and 35 wagons. About 2 per cent of it is delivered in glass bottles; none is 
pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 10 cents per quart and cream 40 cents per 
quart. There are no dairy herds within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 35 
dairy farms, the most distant one being 12 miles out. Only 250 gallons is received 
daily by railway. 

A part of the time of one official is given to the supervision of the city milk sujiply. 
During the past year 350 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test. No 
bacteriological examinations were made. All the dairy farms were inspected. 

NEBRASKA. 

S. C. Bassett, deputy State food commissioner, Lincoln. 

Compiled Statutes of 1897, part 3, chapter 22, section. 6898, and Laws of 1899, 
chapter 35, sections 1 to 4, refer to milk, etc. It is the duty of the State food com- 
mission, assisted by county attorneys, to enforce laws relating to milk and cream, 
and it may exercise control over milk and cream testing. No person shall, with 
intent to defraud, sell milk that is adulterated or skimmed, or from a diseased animal. 
Under authority of the law the commissioner has established the following stand- 
ards: INIilk, 3 per cent fat; cream, 15 per cent fat. 

General Laws of 1897, chapter 99, forbid the sale of adulterated food, which term 
is defined at length. 

The State food connnission has been unable to give any attention to the subject 
of market milk. 

Omaha. (Population, 102,555.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

L. K. Hutton, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,740 gallons, or 0.45 pint per capita, 
besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 140 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
146 stores and 150 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of about one-fifth 
of the milk supply. It is estimated that 300 gallons of milk is pasteurized, and the 
demand for milk so treated is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per 
quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 89 herds, 
including 2,000 cows. Nearly one-third of the total amount of milk used is received 
by railway, the longest shipment being 75 miles. 

The ordinance regulating the sale of milk consists of thirteen sections. A license 



110 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

is required for the sale of milk or cream, the fee being |10 per year for each store or 
wagon, but persons having less than 10 cows, and delivering by hand from a resi- 
dence are required to pay only $1 per cow, and persons selling less than 10 gallons 
of milk per day from a store are required to pay |5. All licenses expire June 30 or 
December 31. Application for license must be accomjianied by a statement giving 
certain general information. Drivers and employees must hold certificates from the 
board of health, these to be renewed the same as licenses. INIilk wagons must carry 
a tin plate furnished free by the license inspector and showing license number. 
The ordinance forbids the sale of milk or cream which is unclean, impure, adulter- 
ated; from diseased cows or cows kept in an unclean place, or fed on distillery or 
brewery refuse, etc. ; milk or cream which has been exposed to infection from a sick 
person or animal; milk from cows within fifteen days before or eight days after 
calving. The milk standard is 12 per cent total solids, 3 per cent fat. The cream 
standard is 16 per cent fat. Skimmed milk is permitted if plainly labeled. The 
milk inspector shall inspect all cows, dairy conditions, etc., where milk is produced 
for sale in the city. Cases of sickness on dairy farms shall be reported to the board 
of health. Distillery slops or refuse shall not l)e kept on dairy })remises. 

About !B1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. 
One inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the past year 4(i0 samples 
of milk were examined by the Babcock test; all of the dairy herds in the city and 
15 dairy farms were inspected. 

Marked improvements have ))een shown in the way of cleanliness in the produc- 
tion of milk. Needed improvements, as state<l, include the inspection of dairy herds 
and premises by a competent veterinarian; tlie whitewashing of barns; and the 
delivery of milk in sealed packages. 

Iiincoln. (Population, 40,169.) 

[For comparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 33.] 

Thomas H. Pratt, city clerk. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita, 
besides 2,000 gallons of skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
25 stores; the number of wagons is not known. Five dealers deliver milk in glass 
bottles, some of which are filled at the farm and some at milk depots. The retail 
price of milk is 7 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter. Four dairies 
near the city are condui^ted in a manner much superior to all others, but their milk 
is not sold at an extra price. There are no dairy herds within the city limits. Milk 
is sent in from farms within a radius of 6 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinances or regulations. 

Nothing has been expended in the supervision of its milk supply, antl no examina- 
tions of milk samples or inspections of dairies have been made. 

South Omaha. (Population, 26,001.) 
[For comparison with other cities iu Class III, see p. 36.] 

Frank E. Jones, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,108 gallons, or 0.34 pint per 
capita, besides 30 gallons of skimmed milk and 60 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 2 stores and 27 wagons. About 5 per cent of the milk is delivered in glass 
bottles, filled at the farms. At present no milk is pasteurized. The retail price of 
milk is 5 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the producer receiv- 
ing 3^ to 4 cents in summer and 4 cents in winter. The milk from 2 dairies, con- 
ducted in a very satisfactory manner, commands the highest price. Within the city 
limits there are 4 herds, including 71 cows, and milk is sent in from 22 dairy farms. 
One dealer receives milk by railway, the longest shipment being 30 miles. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. Ill 

The milk ordinance of March, 1899, regulates the sale of milk. The milk stand- 
ard is 12 per cent solids, 8 per cent fat, specific graA'ity, 1.027 to 1.035, and cream 
must have 16 per cent fat. 

The city expends annually about $1,000 in the supervision of its milk supply, the 
milk inspector giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 411 milk 
samples were examined by the Babcock test and lactometer. No bacteriological 
examinations were made. The city herds were inspected monthly, and all the dairy 
farms were inspected. 

NEVADA. 

General statutes of 1885, sections 4801 to 4809, refer to milk, etc. County milk 
inspectors shall be appointed by the board of county connnissioners. It is unlawful, 
knowingly, to sell adulterated or unwholesome milk or milk from cows fed on dis- 
tillery, brewery, or hotel waste, called "swill," or impure matter from stalls or 
stables. Skimmed milk may be sold as such. C-ows producing market milk must 
not be kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition nor given fo^d that will produce 
impure milk. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Public statutesof 1891 — chapter 127, amended, lefers to milk, etc. Boards of health 
of cities and selectmen of towns are placed in charge of the inspection of milk, skimmed 
milk, and cream, and may appoint insi^ectors to attend to this work. No inspector 
shall be paid for his services unless he is a registered chemist or holder of a certifi- 
cate from the dairy department of the State agricultural college. Chiefs of police or 
county solicitors shall prosecute offenders. A license for the sale of milk, skimmed 
milk, and cream is required in all cities and towns having milk inspectors. Such 
license will be issued to any person who shows that he understands the business and 
gives reasonable assurance that the cows from which his milk is taken are healthy, 
properly fed, etc. The license costs $2, expires the first of each June, and is revoca- 
ble for cause. Its number and owner's name must be shown on delivery vehicles 
and in stores. It is unlawful to sell any milk, skimmed milk, or cream that is adul- 
terated or unwholesome, or contains a coloring matter or preservative, or milk frorn 
cows diseased or fed on refuse of breweries or distilleries or other substance which 
may be deleterious to their product. Milk standard, October to March, is 13 per 
cent solids, 9.5 per cent solids not fat, 3.5 per cent fat; April to September, 12 per 
cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk standard is 9 per cent solids not fat. The 
sale of milk that has been skimmed is prohibited, except from vessels plainly marked. 
Milk shall be sold by wine measure, and all measures used in selling milk shall have 
their capacit)' marked upon them. Milk tests by inspectors and for apportioning pay- 
ments must be accurate and made by persons holding certificate of competency, 

Manchester. (Population, 56,987.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Joseph H. Geisel, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or 0.56 pint per capita. 
This is sold from 100 stores and 115 wagons. Almost all the milk is delivered in 
glass bottles, some of which are filled in the city and some in the country. Very lit- 
tle milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 
5 to 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2i to 3 cents throughout the year. There 
are no "model dairies" near the city. There are no herds of milch cows in the city. 
Milk is sent in from 150 dairy farms, all being within a radius of 18 miles, 



112 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

State laws regulate the city milk supply. 

Three hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, 
one inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 140 samples 
of milk were examined by the lactometer. 

NEW JERSEY. 

George W. INIcGuire, chief inspector of foods and drugs, Trenton. 

Public laws of 1894, chapter 317; 1893, chapter 207; 1891, chapter 210 and chapter 
257; 1888, page 461, section 2; 1883, chapter 68 and chapter 185; and an act approved 
March 21, 1901, refer to milk. The enforcement of the milk laws is charged to the 
chief inspector, under the direction of the State board of health. City boards of 
health shall require the registry of all cattle in the different cities, and may order 
inspections for disease when deemed necessary, and State officials maj^ declare the 
product of diseased animals unfit for use. A commission is authorized to investigate 
and provide safeguards against tuberculosis. Cows producing market milk must not 
be kept in a crowded or unhealthy place, or fed swill or any putrefying substance, 
etc. Milk must not be exposed to infection from persons having a contagious dis- 
ease. Samples of milk shall be taken in duplicate, etc., and analyzed at the State 
agricultural experiment station. Milk changed by the addition of water or other 
substance shall not be sold in any city of the first class. All cans and bottles in 
which skimmed milk is sold must be plainly marked. It is unlawful for any 
person to use a milk can belonging to another without his consent. The sale of food 
deemed to be impure according to numerous detailed definitions is forbidden. 

Very few cities have taken advantage of the State laws regarding milk. 

The form for reporting conditions at dairies and methods of handling milk is 
shown in Appendix IV, (p. 197). 

The form for recordinginspection of milk dejiots is shown in Appendix IV {p. 207) . 

Newark. (Population, 246,070.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 20.] 

William H. Lyle, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated at 16,000 gallons, or 0.52 pint per 
capita, besides 1,200 gallons of cream and a small amount of skimmed milk used by 
bakers. Milk is sold from 800 stores and 279 wagons. About one-fourth of the 
supply is delivered in glass bottles, most of these being filled at the producing farms. 
Little or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in sum- 
mer and 7 cents in winter, and the producers receive 2J cents in summer and 3j cents 
in winter. A few well-conducted dairies near the city sell their product for 8 to 12 
cents per quart throughout the year. There are in the city 58 herds, including 562 
cows, besides 312 cows in private stables. About 500 dairy farms send milk into the 
city. It is estimated that 60 per cent of the total milk supply is received 1)y rail, 
the longest shipment being 312 miles. 

The sanitary code adopted by the city board of health in June, 1888, contains a 
few sections (XXVI, LX, LXVI, and LXVII) referring to the milk supply. An 
annual permit costing 10 cents is required for each animal kept within the city limits, 
but no license is necessary for the sale of milk. The law requires, also, that all 
stables and lots where animals are kept be in good sanitary condition, particularly 
that all manures be removed and the premises kept clean and properly drained. 
Milk exposed where any communicable disease exists is prohibited. 

The city expends annually $2,000 in the supervision of the milk supply. One 
inspector gives his entire time, and the chemist aud l)acteriologist of tlie' board of 
health a part of their time to this work. During the past year 3,508 samples were 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



113 



examined by the lactometer, and 283 by the Babcock test and gravimetric analysis. 
No bacteriological examinations were made. Only the dairy herds within the city 
were inspected by city officials, those outside coming under the jurisdiction of the 
State authorities. 

Of the 2<S3 samples of milk analyzed, 185 contained more than 12.5 per cent total 
solids, 61 contained from 12 to 12.5 per cent total solids, and 37 contained less than 
12 per cent total solids, the poorest showing 10.62 per cent. The lowest fat content 
was 2.4 per cent. As these samples were taken at random, the results of their exam- 
ination may be understood to show fairly the composition of the entire supply. It 
is stated that the moral effect of taking samples promiscuously ia good. It is the 
practice of the milk inspectors to take several samples at each place visited, only 
those suspected being taken in duplicate. The following table shows the results of 
the analyses made in 1900 compared with those made in the three preceding years: 



Number of samples analyzed 

First cla.ss (total solids over 12. ?> per eeiit): 

Percentage of samples 

Average per cent of total'solids , 

.Vverage per cent of fat 

Second class (total solids between 12.5 and 12 per cent): 

Percentage of samples 

Average per cent of total solids 

.\ verage per cent of fat 

Third class (total solids below 12 per cent): 

Percentage of samples 

.\ verage per cent of total .solids 

\ verage per cent of fat 

General average per cent of total solids 

General average per cent of fat 



1897 



69. 12 
13.24 



21.32 
12.23 



9. ."ili 
11.61 



12. 87 12. 82 



70. 22 
13. 24 



14.15 
12. 35 



15. 73 

11. 5S 



1899 



72. 40 
13.06 
3.95 

15.38 
12. 27 
3.60 

12.22 
11.48 
3.11 



12. 75 
3.80 



1900 



65?37 
18. 24 
4.06 

21.55 
12.25 
3.56 

13.07 
11. 56 
3. 25 



12. 77 
3. 85 



(•illy two samples of milk were found to contain formaldehyile. 
The details of the work perforiiu'd in 1897 in connection with the supervision of 
the milk supply were reported as follows: 

Number. 

Wagons halted for inspection 1, 456 

Cans of milk inspected on same 3, 039 

Lactometer tests 1, 287 

Stores visited 1 , 472 

Depots visited 13 

Cans of milk inspected from ."ame 1, 385 

Lactometer tests 647 

Samples submitted to chemi.'^ts for analysis 135 

Samples of ice taken 1 

Samples of milk delivered to bacteriologist for analysis 4 

Cow-stable inspections 271 

Animal permits issued 350 

Animals licen.sed 1 , 1 76 

The health officer calls attention to the fact that there has been great improvement 
in the composition of milk since ten years ago, when samples below standard were 
frequently found to have less than 11 per cent total solids and sometimes as low as 
7 per cent. 

■ 25839— No. 46— (»3 8 



114 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

The forms for recording data regarding milk samples and the form for notification 
of the taking of a sample are shown in Appendix IV (pp. 205 and 206). 

Needed improvements include the enactment of a law requiring dealers to be 
licensed, and a more thorough and systematic inspection of dairies and dairy 
products. 

Reference is made to a few dairies which ]>n)duce milk of extra good quality and 
receive an extra price for it. Special mention should l)e made of one of these, which 
for several years lias been operated in accordance with an agreement with a milk 
commission in Essex County. This commission and its work are referred to on pages 
173 and 174 of the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 
Undoubtedly it deserves credit for the high quality of much of the milk sold in the 
vicinity of Newark, and much credit also for the establishment of milk commissions 
working along similar lines elsewhere. 

The contract between the milk commission and the dairyman is shown in 
Appendix III (p. 182). 

Jersey City. (Population, 206,4:^3.) 
[For comparison Avith othor cties in Class I, see p. 26.] 

D. AV. Benjamin, M. I)., health inspector. 

John C. Tracy, assistant State dairy connnissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 12,000 gallons, or 0.47 pint per cap- 
ita. No skimmed milk is used, but it is estimated that there are 500 gallons of 
cream consumed daily. Milk is sold from 450 stores and 250 wagons. Glass 
bottles are used in the delivery of about one-half of the total supply, and these are 
filled, sonie on the farms, some at the stores, and some on the wagons. Only a 
little pasteurized milk is used. The retail price of milk is 6 to 8 cents per quart in 
summer and 7 to 8 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" supplying milk 
to the city. Within the city limits there are 30 herds, including 275 cows; no data 
is available as to the number of dairy farms sending milk into the city. The greater 
part of the total milk supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 250 
miles. 

The city authorities have made no jirovisions for the regulation of the milk 
supply, its sujiervision being left to the State. 

During the past year about 500 samples of milk were examined Ijy lactometer, and 
some of them by gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; 
all the city herds were inspected. 

It is urged that a competent milk insjiector should ]>e apjwinted to work under 
the direction of the city board of health. 

Paterson. (Population, 105,171.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] 

James P. McNair, secretary of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 8,000 gallons, or 0.61 pint i)er capita, 
besides 200 gallons of cream. The use of skimmed milk is not known to the author- 
ities. Milk is distributed from 225 stores; the number of wagons is not known. 
About one-eighth of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, being the output of four 
dairy estal)Iishments, two in the city and two in the country. Very little milk is 
l)asteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 to 8 cents per quart both in summer and 
winter, the producers receiving 3 to 4 cents per quart in summer and 3 to 5 cents in 
winter. There are two establishments near the city, managed in an up-to-date man- 
ner, which sell their entire product for 10 cents ])er quart in summer and 12 cents in 
winter. Within the city limits there are 84 herds, including 423 cows; the number 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 115 

of the dairy fariiis sending milk into the city is uniinown. It is estimated tliat 16 
per cent of the milk is brought into the city by rail, the longest shipment being 42 
miles. 

The city has no milk ordinances or regulations. 

Nothing has been exjiended in the supervision of the milk supply, and no exam- 
inations of milk samples or inspections of country dairies have been made. The 
dairies in the city have been inspected. 

Needed improvements include the appointment of milk inspectors, the re(iuire- 
ment that all milk dealers be licensed by the board of health, and an ordinance 
establishing a standard for milk and regulating its sale and delivery. 

Camden. (Population, 75,935.) 
[For comparinoii with otliLT cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

J. ( ). George, D. V. S. , food and milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or 0.42 pint per capita, 
besides 125 gallons of skinnned milk and 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
128 stores and 75 wagons. Two dairymen supply milk in glass jars, using about 700 
bottles daily; one fills his bottles in tlie city, the other at the producing farm. No 
milk is pasteurized. The retail jirice of milk is 8 cents per quart throughout the 
year, producers receiving 3 to 32 cents in summer and Si to 4 cents in winter. There 
are no herds of milch cows in the city, the milk being sent in from 113 dairy farms. 
Almost the total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 30 miles. 

About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. 
One milk and food inspector and one chemist give a part of their time to this work. 
During the past year 550 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and by 
gravimetric analysis; a large number of tests were made for formaldehyde; no bac- 
teriological examinations were made; and no dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvement is due to the introduction of cows giv^ing richer milk; better 
feeding; and a more careful handling of the milk. Needed improvements, as given, 
include a thorough inspection of all milch cows for tuberculosis and better care of 
the milk. 

Treuton. (Population, 73,307. ) 
[For comparison with other cities iu Class II, see p. 30.] 

A. 8. Fell, M. I)., health officer. 

George W. McGuire, State dairy commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 25 stores and 130 wagons. Fifty per cent of the total supply is 
delivered in glass bottles, some of them being filled in the city and some in the 
country. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in 
summer and 8 cents in winter, the producers on the farm being paid 3 cents in sum- 
mer and 4 cents in winter. There are 3 well-conducted dairies near tlie city which 
re<;eive the regular retail price for their jiroduct. There is only one herd of cows in 
the city, and it includes 20 head. One hundred and fifty dairy farms send milk into 
the city. About 5 per cent of the total supply is received by railway, the longest 
shipment l)eing 20 miles. 

Nothing is expended jjy tlie city in the supervision of its milk supply, this work 
being under State control. During the past year 100 samples were examined by 
lactometer and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; 
about 20 per cent of the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recently the milk supply has been found to be practically free from preservatives, 
and has shown general improvement otherwise. 



116 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Hoboken. (Population, 59,364.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

Antonio Granelli, health inspector. 

The daily sales of milk are estimated to be 8,750 gallons, but these include some 
duplications, recording the same milk sold both at wholesale and retail. Conse- 
quently the average daily per capita consumption is actually less than 1.21 pints, as 
would appear from the reports. Milk is sold from 243 stores and 24 wagons. The 
retail price of milk varies from 3 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 4 to 8 cents in 
winter. 

An ordinance passed September, 1897, refers to milk. A permit costing |1 i.s 
required for the sale of milk. Milk vessels must be kept clean. Adulterated, impure, 
etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. 

Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply. 

The inspector recommends that milk be shipped from the farms in sealed packages. 

Elizabeth.. (Population, 52,130.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] 

John C. Tracy, assistant State dairy inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 13,062 gallons, or 2 pints per capita. 
No explanation of this apparently very large consumption of milk is given ; it may 
be due to the fact that some milk is forwarded to other cities. No skimmed milk is 
used. Milk is sold from 25 stores and 50 wagons. Only a small quantity is delivered 
in glass bottles and these are filled at the jaroduciug farms, and none is pasteurized. 
The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, pro- 
ducers receiving 3 and 4 cents in the two seasons. There are no "model dairies" 
near the city. Within the city limits there are 10 herds of milch cows, including 
100 head, and milk is sent in from 55 dairy farms. A very small jjortion of the 
total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment l)eing 5 miles. 

An ordinance ado])ted in March, 1899, sui»plements tiie State laws. City cow 
stables must be kept in a good sanitary condition and be provided with underground 
manure vaults. Unwholesome milk is prohibited. Milk, when offered for sale, 
must not be misrepresented. 

Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, this work 
being under State control. During the past year a number of milk samples were 
examined l»y the lactometer; no bacteriologial examinations were made; all the city 
milch cows and all the dairy farms sending milk into the city were inspected. 

Bayonne. (Population, 32,772.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II f, see p. 36.] 

A. C. Torman, health inspector. 

About 1 ,800 gallonsof milk is used daily, which is an average i)er capita consumption 
of 0.50 pint. Milk is sold from 130 stores and 35 wagons. Tlie farthest distance 
from which it is supplied is 40 miles. Four herds are in the city, including about 
125 cows. 

The sanitary code of the board of health adopted in March, 1899, refers to milk. 
Milk venders must obtain a permit costing $2. The sale of adulterated, etc., milk is 
prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. 

There is no milk inspector and no samples of milk have been examined for 
composition, but all the city herds have been inspected. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 117 

Atlantic City. (Population, 27,838.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 30.] 

H. C. Beck, health inspector. 

Milk is sold from .SO stores and 50 wagons. Glass bottles, filled mostly in the city, 
are used extensively in the delivery of milk. Little or no milk is ])asteurized. The 
retail price of milk is 8 cents per quart throughout the year, ])roducers receiving 4 
cents per quart. There are a few well-conducted dairies near the city, but their prod- 
uct is not sold at an advani'e in ])rice. The total inilk supply is received by railway, 
the longest shipment l)eing 50 miles. 

Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, this work 
being under State officials. 

Passaic. (Population, 27,777.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class HI, see ]>. :?6.] 

J. Payne Lowe, D. V. S., veterinary inspector. 

The retail price of milk is 5 to 8 cents per quart throughout the year. The milk 
from one "model dairy" is sold at an advanced price. Within the city limits there 
are 43 herds, including 122 cows. Over two-thirds of the total milk supply is received 
by railway, the longest' shipment being 100 miles. 

The veterinary inspector gives a part of his time to the supervision of the milk 
supply. During the past year samples of milk were examined by the lactometer; 
no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds were inspected, but 
none of the dairy farms. 

It is urged that some provisions be made by which health authorities in the dis- 
tricts where milk is produced would re]iort upon (conditions of henls, methods of 
handling milk, etc. 

New Brunswick. (Population, 20,006.) 
[For oomimrisoii with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

Henry R. Baldwin, M. D., president of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,250 gallons, or an average of 0.50 
pint per capita. Milk is sold from about 30 stores and 30 wagons. About one-fifth 
is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farm. Pasteurized milk is 
used only to a limited extent. The retail price of milk is 4 to 6 cents per quart in 
summer and 5 to 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 cents and 3J cents in the 
two seasons. The milk from one "model dairy" is sold for 6 cents in summer and 
8 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 5 herds, including 70 cows, and 
milk is sent in from about 55 dairy farms, all within 6 miles of the city. 

The city has no milk ordinance. 

Nothing is appropriated by tlie city for the supervision of its milk supply. During 
the past year 3,500 samples were examined by the Babcock test, and 2 of the 60 
dairy herds were inspected. The sale of milk from the well-conducted dairy belong- 
ing to the State agricultural college has had a marked effect in bringing about 
improvement in the city supply. 

Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to better care and feeding of cows 
and to greater cleanliness of dairies. 

Montclair. (Population, 13,962.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 
M. O. Leighton, health inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 860 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita. 
Little or no skimmetl milk is sold. Milk is sold from 12 stores and 32 wagons. All 
the milk is delivered in glass l)ottles and almost all of these are filled at the farms. 
No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 7 to 12 cents per quart throughout the 
year, producers receiving 2 to 31 cents. The miik from 6 "model dairies" is sold 



118 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



for 8 to 12 cents per quart. Within the city limits there are 4 herds, including 35 
cows, and milk is sent in from 24 dairy farms. About 20 per cent is received b}' 
railway, the longest shipment being 400 miles. Quite a large part of the suj^ply 
comes from Chenango County, N. Y. 

An ordinance adopted in March, 1898, refers to milk. Persons selling milk must 
register with the board of health. Cow stables must be properly located and con- 
structed and be kept clean. Cows must be free from dangerous disease, be kept 
clean, and their udders washed and wiped before each milking. Attendants must 
personally be clean and not exposed to contagious disease. Milk must he removed 
to separate room at once after milking and be cooled in water. Milk utensils must 
be washed in pure water and soda or soap, and be sterilized. 

The milk ordinance is given in full in Appendix I (p. 175). 

About $300 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, two officials 
giving a part of their time to this work. During the past year 166 samples of milk 
were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; the same 
number was examined for bacterial content; all the city herds and all the dairy 
farms were inspected each month. The results of chemical and bacteriological 
examinations of milk and accounts of conditions found at dairies are published in 
the annual rejjorts of the board of health, together with the names and addresses of 
the dairymen whose j^roducts and places are referred to. The reports are widely 
distributed, and read by many citizens. The statement of the conditions found at one 
dairy is as follows: Large, light stable; good drainage, and kept in excellent con- 
dition. Cement floors and drops. About 20 cattle, regularly attended by a veteri- 
narian. Milk cooled over patent cooler and bottled innnediately. Utensils sterilized 
with steam. 

The supervision by the milk commission, referred to in the statement under Newark, 
extends to a portion of the milk sold in Montclair, and has had considerable effect 
in raising the standard of the supply of this city. 

Recent improvements are due to the observance of better methods at producing 
dairies. Further improvement would undoubtedly follow if the actual facts in 
connection with different dairies were published in the newspapers. 

In a paper upon "The importance of bacterial counts in the sanitary sujiervision 
of milk supplies " the health inspector presents, in an interesting manner, the results 
of his study of the subject. His investigations extended over a period of two or three 
years, and proved to his satisfaction that the sanitary condition of dairies can be 
safely judged by the number of bacteria in the product. All the samples of milk 
which he examined in this connection had been bottled at the dairies, and so far as 
possible they were taken from the evening milking, their age, when examined, 
being twelve to fifteen hours; in some cases they were older. Regarding his experi- 
ments and conttlusions he writes as follows: 

"The time covered by tht^ work is three successive years from September to June. 
The bacteria were grown upon gelatin, and each culture was allowed to grow nearly 
to the point of Hquefaction so that the slow-growing colonies would have all the 
time possible to increase to the counting sizei 



Table 1. — Average result.^. 



No. of apeeimen. 


Number of 
bacteria. 


No. of specimen. 


Number of 
bacteria. 


No. of specimen. 


Number of 
bacteria. 


1 


5,006 
8,770 
9,900 
13, 7(32 
14,250 
21,012 




28, 654 
41,629 
50, 320 
r,9 -XM 


13 


182,012 


■) 


8 

9 


14 

15 


257, 004 


3 




4 


10 


If.... 

17 




5 


11 t\h r.:w 




6 


12 


69, 973 













MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



119 



"Table No. 1 contains the average results of the determinations for each dairy 
during the whole term. p]xamination shows that the figures range from 5,006 in 
No. 1 to uncountable in the last three; also that the list divides itself into three 
classes: Nos. 1-5, or those having a count below 15,000; Nos. 8-12, or those running 
from 40,000 to 70,000; and, after a long interval, those dairies having an average of 
180,000 and upward. Nos. 6 and 7 do not appear to be in any class, having a posi- 
tion intermediate between the first and second classes. A possible reason for the 
eccentric position of these two dairies may be drawn from considerations which are 
to follow. 

"Table No. 2 includes the results of the examinations which, taken together, make 
the averages for the dairies in the first class above described. 

"The numljer of the dairy according to its succession is set at the top of the record 
of determinations, while the average in each case is set at the bottom. 



Table 2. — First class; individual results. 



No. 1. 


No. 2. 


No. 3. 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


2,366 
5,800 
6,800 
5,000 
3,600 
2,800 
8,000 
•1,000 
3,400 
3,500 
6,700 
5, 800 
5,800 
5,450 
6,600 
4,600 
5, 100 


9,500 
1,900 

11,600 

22,500 
4,300 
6,300 

16,800 
9,600 

13, 500 
8,000 

13,300 

17,600 

600 

700 

3,620 

3, 620 

11,560 
9, 840 
4,300 
5, 300 


6,800 

6,400 

3,500 

2,200 

34,700 

2,800 

12, 000 

30,300 

10,9C0 

7,600 

1,600 

3,800 

7,300 

8,700 


2,000 
4,200 
6,200 
12,700 
11,200 
8,800 
34,600 
29,600 


%.700 

7,700 

25,250 

12,900 

8,300 

2,000 

3, 600 

1,500 

2,800 

21,200 

18,400 

7,300 

6,300 

6,100 

16,800 

6,800 

8,600 


















































5,006 


8,770 


9,900 


13,762 


14,250 



"Representing dairy No. 1 are the results of seventeen examinations, ranging 
from 2,366 to 8,000, and showing a remarkable degree of uniformity throughout. It 
is evident that whatever may be the conditions to produce these results, those condi- 
tions are uniform. This seems to be exemplified, though less imperfectly, in tlie 
remaining columns of the table. Note in No. 2 that some of the determinations 
are lower than any in No. 1, but there is a wider range of figures, and some of the 
determinations are above the 15,000 limit which marks this class. Nos. 3 and 4 are 
similar. No. 5 starts with the abnormally high count of 96,7(0, but does not approach 
it again in the remainder of the list. It is evident that a remarkable change took 
place in the conditions within and surrounding this dairy after the first examination. 

"Inspection of the dairies which these diagrams represent would show that Nos. 
1, 2, and 4 are very similar, and are of the highest type of dairy excellence. The 
stables are built upon elevated situations, where good drainage can be secured. 
Inside the stables tiiere is ample provision for light and ventilation, while the floors 
and manure troughs are built in such a manner and of such materials as will facili- 



120 



BFREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



tate cleaning. The cattle in these staliles are carefully groomed, fed upon wholesome 
food, and regularly attended l)y a veterinarian. The attendants employed are kept 
personally clean, and are provided with every facility for maintaining their cleanly 
condition throughout the milking period. Of highest importance are the dairy 
houses in connection with these first three establishments. In them are provided 
tight steam chests, in which all utensils necessary in the preparation of the product 
for the market are exposed to steam under pressure and thoroughly sterilized. 
The other principal features in connecrtion with the dairy houses are the coolers over 
which the milk flows as soon as it is drawn from the cows, from whence it goes to 
the bottler and is bottled immediately. 

"Dairy No. :^ differs from the first two and the fourth only in this respect: The 
milk is raised by different farmers in a district, who sell it to a com^jany which takes 
charge of the bottling and final delivery to the consumer. The condition of all 
branches of the process is, however, in no wise different in its sanitary and hygienic 
features from Nos. 1, 2, and 4. 

' ' Dairy No. 5 differs from the first four in that the latter are the results of the 
expenditure of a large amount of money. There have been installed within them 
numerous devices to produce facility and economy, as well as cleanliness in handling 
the product. From this it might be suppo.sed that it is only in dairies of this char- 
acter that we are able to procure low counts. Such, however, is not the case. Of 
course, it is easier to keep clean in a palace than in a hovel, yet it must ba admitted 
that cleanliness is not an impossibility even in the latter place. Dairy No. 5 consists 
of low, old-fashioned stables, which at first glance exhibit nothing favorable, but 
within which close inspection will reveal the vigilance of the owner. In spite of the 
rough projections, innumerable cracks, and all the disadvantages common to country 
stables, there are evidences of care and attention everywhere. The explanation to 
him of the first high results noted at the Ijeginning of the record brought about all 
the alterations suggested. The owner is an ideal dairyman in .spite of his poverty. 

Tablk 3. — Individual resulty. 



No. 6. 


No. 7. 


No. G. 


No. 7. 


59, GOO 

20, 500 

1,290 

10,300 

2, 800 

2, GOO 

22, SOO 

l(i,000 

37, 600 


G, 100 

G, GOO 

1,100 

1,750 

12,300 

25, 300 

10, 300 

13, .500 

35, GOO 


38, 000 
15, 001) 
•IS, 000 
12,100 
13,, 500 
2, 900 
3,400 


41,900 
81, GOO 
101,500 










21,012 


28, 664 



"Considering, now, the two dairies which were intermediate between the first and 
second classes, it will be seen that for dairy No. 6, in the table immediately above, 
there are widely varying results, generally high and spasmodically low; a column of 
figures without uniformity and with extremes which are bewildering when com- 
pared with the table of the fir.st class of dairies. 

"It has been observed that costly stables and expensive equii)ment are not indis- 
pensable for procuring clean milk and lo\v Ijacterial counts. It is also true that the 
possession of all these does not insure the best results. Number 6 is a dairy which 
should belong to the first class, having clean, light, well-made stables and carefullj'^ 
chosen cattle, and a complete sterilizing and bottling equipment. At first thought 
it contradicts what lias gone before, but if one should watch the dairy in operation 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



121 



for several days he would learii that the proprietors have many interests outside of 
the dairy inclosure, and are fond of many diversions. Consequently, the Avork is 
too often left without their care, and the employees, being possessed of their full 
complement of human frailties, are not in good form at those times. Milking is 
done carelessly, cooling and bottling deferred, and cattle go ungroomed. Vigilance 
there comes only in spasmodical waves. 

"Ill dairy No. 7, Table 3, the list starts out very evenly, with low counts, which 
would, if continued, have placed the dairy well within the first class. The premises 
at first i)resented a neat, wholesome appearance, quite in keeping with the record 
made at that time. Those who are acquainted with the owner know that he has 
ex]ierienced sorrow in his family and adversity in his worldly affairs; a man who has, 
under the stress of this condition, become careless and indifferent. The ready-made 
sound which this statement has is quite appreciable to the writer, yet these con- 
ditior.s do actually exist and are well known in the neighborhood in which he lives. 
The stables, once a model of neatness, have gradually assumed a meaner aspect, and 
the cattle, once so well-rounded, have become rough, ill-kempt, and angular. The 
man's condition is stamped upon his features, is evident in his personal appearance, 
and can be seen even in his driveway and door-yard. From the foregoing it there- 
fore becomes plain that low results, coincident with prosperous times and the high 
ones which followed adversity, make an average which conforms neither to the one 
condition nor to the other. 

Table 4. — Second dn.^is; individual restdts. 



No. 8. 

16, 600 
16,100 
61,800 
04, 350 
19,000 
14,000 
120,000 
80, 000 
50, 400 
48, 300 
41,0C0 
43, 000 


No. 9. 


No. 10. 


No.ll. 


No. 12. 


36, 750 

72,600 

7,800 

299, 450 

16,200 

39, 000 

10,700 

16,000 

20, 800 

13,500 

7,800 

9,000 

30, 100 

99,000 

86, 100 


390, 000 
9,a50 
7,600 
7,700 

81,700 
9,600 
8,800 

82, 900 


72,600 

15,700 

19, 937 

126,300 

107, 500 

85,500 

83,200 

125,400 

93, 600 

42,000 

43,300 

16, 900 

17,800 


33, 300 
35,100 
23, 000 
44,350 
400, 000 
40,000 
42,400 
60,000 
55, 000 
70, 300 
81,200 
12, 900 
6,100 






























41, 629 


50, 320 


62, 269 


65, 633 


69,973 



''Passing to the second class of ilairies, it is seen from Table No. 4 that the aver- 
ages extend from 41,629 to 69,97S. Those who have been engaged in dairy inspec- 
tion, even to a small extent, know that dairy farmers as a class are poor in money 
but wonderfully rich in good intentions. There are manj' old stables which are 
kept very clean with shovel and liroom, and in which cattle are treated according 
to the golden rule. There are sup])lied no sterilizer, no imiaroved cooler, no chert ''' 
floors, but the farmer is always doing his best with the means at his disposal. He 
cools his milk by standing the can containing it in a tub of water; he washes his 
utensils as clean as possible with water and soap, and he keeps himself and his 
employees personally clean. Such cases are coinmon, where a man tries to compen- 



« Chert floor is a smooth cement floor. 



122 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



sate with muscle la1)or for that which he has not mone}^ to purchase. Such instances 
are represented in the second class. In the re.«ults there is little uniformity; f)cca- 
sionally there is a low count which seems to he the result of a happy combination of 
good effort and good fortune. And so it is that there is lacking in the records of 
these dairies the uniformity which appeared so distinctively in Table No. 2. Favor- 
able conditions come and go in the dairy business, just as in other vocations, and 
with no devices with which to overcome the numerous dithculties which arise before 
one who attempts to protluce an honest product, there can not be placed any great 
dependence upon the uniform excellence of the milk. 

"A comparLson between these dairies and dairy No. r> is instructive. Structurally, 
the former are generally no poorer than the latter, yet if we look closely into the 
existing conditions we will find that in these stal)les of the second class the whole 
atmosphere is inferior. The cattle look rougher and dirtier, accumulations of 
manure will more often collect upon the sides of the stables, the milk bottles, when 
ready for filling, shine less brightly, and the owners themselves appear not as tidy 
as the owner of No. 5. The matter of personal appearance in a dairyman is extremely 
significant in indicating the quality of that man's product. If the owners of the 
dairies here described should be arranged in a line according to their personal 
appearance the order of succession would very closely follow the bacterial order 
here given : 

Table 5. — Third class; individual results. 



No. 13. 


No. 14. 


No. 15. No. 16. 


No. 17. 


72,600 
59,400 
404, 700 
455,000 
37,600 
33,800 
25,300 
67,700 


48,000 
299,000 
178,000 
583,000 
720,000 
800,000 
120,000 
160, 000 
22,000 
25, 600 
31,500 
96,000 


Uncountable. 
80,000 
62,400 
120,800 
60,000 

Uncountable. 

Uncountable. 


431,900 

275,500 

17,300 

12,500 

Uncountable. 

19,900 

20, 500 

130,000 


114,300 - 

19,550 

22, 800 

156,000 

53,000 

Uncountable. 

Uncountable. 










17,000 


























182,012 


257, 004 















"The con.sideration of the third class of dairies introduces the discussion of the 
two factors which lie at the bottom of conditions in dairies totally bad. The first 
is dense ignorance and total unfitness of the man for the business; men who, per- 
chance, have failed in every other capacity by which they have been measured dur- 
ing life; men of foul habits and disgusting personality, whom we would not tolerate 
in the meanest capacity about our homes or in our places of business. Such are 
the men who take a part in the production of one of our most important food sup- 
plies. The second factor responsible for bad results in a dairy is viciou.s indifference 
and sordid opposition to decency on the part of producers who are really intelligent 
and capable. With these it is considered meritorious to violate, as far as is legally 
safe, the ordinance and wishes of the sanitary authorities. To such ])eoi)le the 
voice of an instructor of hygienic dairying is ever the \oice of a meddlesome oppressor, 
and is to be met only by opposition. 

"A good example of the results obtained by the totally ignorant dairj'man may 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 128 

be seen in the record of No. 14. The owner of this dairy is good natured, stupid, 
and lazy, and is therefore a hard man to manage. He seems perfectly willing to lie 
down and l)e kicked at any time, and then, bearing you no ill will, and doubting 
not the wisdom of your procedure, he will go on just as before. The improvement 
that is noted in the latter part of his record is the result of extensive structural 
improvements in the staVjIe. But as the effect of renovation gradually wore away, 
and the man relapsed into ]ong-iml)ued habits, the record took a corresponding 
trend toward the old high average. 

"In conclusion it may be .said, that the correspondence which exists between the 
results of the mnnerical <letermyiations of bacteria and the conditions under which 
each supi)ly is produce<l, are most striking when the dairies themselves are visited. 
Verbal descriptions and pictorial presentations are inadequate to complete in the 
mind the principle involved. These determinations, as well as the results of the 
physical and chemical tests, have been published, each under the name of the dairy- 
man in the annual reports of the Montclair board of health. They have brought 
the facts before the people in no uncertain manner, and the people have profited 
largely from it. Those who have appeared favorably in these reports have been 
blessed with increased trade, while on the other hand, many of the slovenly ones 
have found their business unprofitable. In addition to this, the improvements which 
have been made to the dairies, both in structure and in methods of procedure, are 
too numerous to mention here. Laws and ordinancesaccomplish their part in bring- 
ing our milk supplies up to the point where they are respectable, but it has been the 
experience of the writer that nothing is quite so effectual as fearless, truthful publicity. 

"From the foregoing results, we are able to come to but one conclusion — i. e., that 
the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter in a given sample of milk forms an abso- 
lute indicator, by which the care and cleanliness to which the product has been 
subjected from the time it is drawn to its delivery into the hands of the analyst may 
be determined. In reply to the authoritative statements mentioned in the beginning, 
the writer can simply point to these results and declare that if all this be coincidence, 
then coincidence must be predetermined." 

NEW MEXICO. 

Compiled laws of 1897 — sections 1244 to 1257 refer to foods. No person shall know- 
ingly sell a damaged or altered food without the purchaser being fully informed. 

NEW YORK. 

Charles A. Wieting, commissioner of agriculture, Albany. 

Laws of 1893, chapter 338 (chap. 33 G. L. ), article 1, sections 1 to 12, and article 
2, sections 20 to 25, amended, refer to milk. The State department of agriculture is 
charged with the execution of laws relating to agricultural products. Samples mui^t 
be taken in duplicate, etc. No person shall sell adulterated milk, meaning milk that 
is from cows within fifteen days before and five days after jiarturition, milk from ani- 
mals fed on distillery waste or any ])utrefying substance, milk from cows in crowded 
or unhealthy condition, or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been 
added. Preservatives are prohibited. Pure milk is defined as sweet and unadulter- 
ated; pure cream is that talcen from such milk. The milk standard is 12 per cent 
solids, 3 per cent fat. Except in New York and Kings counties, skimmed milk is 
permitted when clean and wholesome and sold for what it is, but it can be sold only 
in the county where produced or an adjoining county. Milk cans, etc., holding 
market milk and rooms where it is stored muht be kept clean and sanitary; but this 
provision does not apply to cities of the first class. No person shall use the cans of 



124 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



another without the owner's consent, or remove therefrom or mar his name or mark. 
Condensed milk nuist he made from pure and wholesome milk, a standard l)eing 
fixed, and all packages shall he labeled with the name of the manufacturer, etc. 

Laws of 1901, volume 2, chapter 429: Impure, unhealthy, adulterated, etc., milk 
must not be supplied to butter or cheese factories. Babcock glassware used in mak- 
ing milk tests for the basis of payment must first be examined and marked by the 
director of the New York agricultural experiment station. 

For the ptirpose of enforcing the laws and performing other woi'k charged to it, 
the department of agriculture has placed an assistant commissioner in each of the 10 
divisions into which the State has been divided, and among other duties these 
officials execute State laws relating to milk. They do not collect statistics relative 
to city and town milk supply, but so far as possible, they inspect milk sold in cities 
and towns, and visit milk stations for the purpose of inspecting milk, etc., always 
going to such stations when requested to do so. Their visits are irregular. Milk is 
tested with lactometer, and, if suspicious, duplicate samples are taken for analysis — 
One for the State and one for the owner. Inspectors visit farms suspected of being 
in bad order. Bacteriological examinations are ocassionally made by the analysts at 
the State agricultural college. 

In some of the large cities the department's agents insjject milk almost daily. In 
Albany the department has a wagon especially fitted up with facilities for making 
quick tests, and it is out each day, sometimes going to neighboring towns. Usually 
the milk in every can in the peddler's wagon is tested. In one summer month 740 
cans were examined in Albany and only 3 suspected samples taken. Agents send 
detailed reports of work done to the department each week. 

The number of pro.secutions under the mHk law in District I, including 7 counties 
in the central eastern portion of the State in the year 1900, is shown l)v the following: 



Troy 13 

Albany 15 

East Cireenbush 3 

Milford 8 

Beckmanstowi: 3 



Schenectady 10 

Mechanicsville 1 

Round Lake 1 

Eagleville 1 

Pepacton 4 



Cohoes 3 

Stillwater 1 

Amsterdam 1 

Richfield 1 

Rensselaer 2 



New York. (Population, 3,437,202.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] 

Herman Betz, M. D., acting chief inspector, division of food inspection. 

C. (iolderman, secretary pro tern of the department of health. 

The daily c-onsumption of milk, as computed in the year 1901, was 333,85r) gallons, 
or an average of 0.78 pint per capita, besides 4,000 gallons of cream. No skimmed 
milk was used. In reference to this apparently large consumption of milk, the fol- 
lowing explanations are offered: There is a floating population in New York City of 
at least 300,000. About 150,000 persons living in outlying districts spend the busi- 
ness hours in the city; shoi>pers from neighboring towns and states number about 
50,000 jx'T day; there are many publico institutions where milk is used largely in the 
daily diet; persons of some nationalities use much milk on account of its cheapness; 
and a large amount is taken out of the city by dining cars and vessels. 

Milk is sold from about 12,000 stores and 4,000 wagons. About one-sixth of the 
supply come-t to the city in bottles which are filled in creameries and bottling plants 
in the country, and which are generally shipped in boxes holding 12 quarts each. 
Probably as nuuh more milk is bottled in the city. Perhaps 5 per cent of the total 
amount is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing in favor. The retail price of 
milk is f> cents ]>er (juart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 2\ to 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



125 



3 cents in summer and 3 to 3| cents in winter. « The milk from a few "model 
dairies" is sold throughout the year for 12 to 15 cents per quart. There are within 
the city limits 5,500 " herds," including 23,200 milch cows; 3,500 dairy farms send 
milk into the city. Eighty-five per cent or more of the total supply is received by 
rail over a dozen different lines, the longest shipment being 350 miles. 

Section 59, and 63 to 67, inclusive, from the sanitary code of laws, govern the sale 
of milk. In addition to these, regulations and rules have been adopted. No milk 
shall be received or sold without a permit from the board of health. Permits must 
be conspicuously posted in stores and carried in wagons, which latter must show 
wagon number and permit number preceded by the words " Department of health." 
Unwholesome or adulterated milk; "swill milk;" milk withany added foreign sub- 
stance; milk from animals kept for the most part in stables, or fed on distillery 
waste; and milk from diseased cows, from cows within fifteen days before or five 
days after calving, or from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition, is prohib- 
ited, and may be seized and destroyed. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per 
cent fat. Skimmed milk or milk from which any part of its cream has been removed 
is prohibited. Condensed milk nuist be made fi'om pure milk, 25 per cent of the 
milk solids must be fat, and no foreign substance except sugar can be added. Cream 
must be from pure milk and contain no foreign substance. Milk must not be trans- 
ferred from cans to other vessels on the streets, or ferries, or in depots, except when 
"transferred to vessel of purchaser at time of delivery." Vessels in which milk is 
kept must be covered so as to exclude dust and other impurities. Milk must not be 
kept for sale, nor bottled in a room used for sleeping or domestic purposes, nor in a 
room opening into the same. Before use, milk bottles must be washed with a hot- 
water cleaning solution and then with hot water; they iiiay be filled only at the 
dairy or creamery or in a room in the city properly protected to prevent contamina- 
tion from dust. Eight rules published with the ordinance and regulations refer to 
certain miscellaneous details, such as the storage of the milk, the construction and 
care of the ice box, the use of ice in milk, etc. In a short circular intended to be 
sent to milk dealers whenever occasion arises, the health department calls special 
attention to a few important requirements of the law, principally in reference to 
adulteration. 

"The following statistics are taken irom the Milk Reporter: 

Total nunibcr of cans of milk, (ream, and condensed milk received in, the New York market 
monthly during 1902, and the average price of milk per quart each month. 



1902. 



Cans of milk 

(40 quarts). 



Cans cream 
and con- 
densed 
milk (40 
quarts). 



Average 

price of 

milk per 

quart. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

iQ(,2/Total . . . 
'^^"'^tAverage 

iqoi /Total ... 
^^"^\Average 

iqoo/Total . . . 
^^""tAverage 



796, 128 
720, 723 
835, 240 
826, 475 
917, 438 
924, 101 
927, 825 
874, 488 
852, 461 
S69, 318 
831,766 
821,424 



10, 197, 387 
27,938 



9,757,835 
26, 734 



9, 388, 947 
25, 741 



29, 285 
30, 405 
36, 009 
38, 654 
54,303 
59, 020 
57, 533 
50, 318 
40, 368 
35, 143 
31,820 
30, 849 



493, 707 
1,352 



460, 334 
1,261 



422, 754 
1,156 



Cents. 
3.38 
3.25 
3.04 
2.87 
2.63 
2. 25 
2. 25 
2.42 
2. 50 
3.00 
3.25 
3.75 



2.62 
"2.'74 



126 BUREAU UF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Rules and regulations governing the sale of milk are given in full in Appendix I 
(p. 165). 

The amount expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply is included 
in the general appropriation to the department of health and can not be stated sepa- 
rately. Twelve officials — inspectors, chemists, and assistant chemists — give their 
entire time to this work. During the last year of record 78,34-1 specimens of milk 
were examined; 1,313 samples were collected for analysis; 448 (juarts of adulterated 
milk were destroyed; 560 of the 5,500 city dairy herds were inspected; 6,843 cows 
were examined; and 127 cows were condemned. Published reports for other recent 
years show much more work along these lines; for example, the report for 1899 
(pp. 63 and 71) contains the following: 

Milk iiispectiontt. 

Number. 

Inspections 51, 498 

Specimens examined 50, 457 

Samples of milk 945 

Citizens' complaints received 286 

Original complaints by inspectors 81 

Citizens' complaints returned for orders 37 

Citizens' complaints returned as negative 225 

Citizens' complaints tinder observation 2 

Days at court or department 2, 757 

Special day inspections 10, 310 

Early morning inspections 335 

Nights of special work 48 

Quarts of adulterated milk destroyed 95 

Days in country or at laboratory 559 

Arrests 193 

Held on bail 185 

Discharged 20 

Trials at special or general sessions 180 

Amount of fines $4, 285 

I)if<j)ection of cows. 

Number. 

Inspections of i)remises 15, 650 

Herds examined 461 

Cows tagged 2, 434 

Temperatures taken 22, 421 

Cows examined (tuberculin test) 2, 580 

Cows examined (tuberculin test), negative 2, 513 

Cows found diseased 66 

Cows condemned ._ 62 

Autopsies 59 

Citizens' complaints received 75 

Citizens' complaints returned for orders 5 

Citizens' complaints returned as negative (>8 

Citizens' complaints under observation 1 

Original complaints by inspectors 3 

Days at court or department i»57 

Nights special work 594 

Analyses 5, 115 

Experimental analyses ,764 

Lactometers tested 71 

Thermometers tested 15 

Days at court or department 1 , 422 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 127 

The form for application to aell uiilk and the special -info riuatioii form for milk 
sellers ai'e shown in Appendix IV (p. 192). 

The forms for milk-store permit and milk-wagon permit are shown in Appendix 
IV (p. 200). 

The department of health has issned two instructive circulars regarding the pro- 
duction of pure milk and the proper manner of handling it. Mention should he 
made al^o of the milk commission of the medical society of the county of New 
York, which has undertaken to increase the supply and demand for high-grade 
milk. The work of this commission has already shown very satisfactory results. It 
is referred to at length in an article entitled "Market milk: A plan for its improve- 
ment," which was published in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry. 

The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research early declared one of its purposes 
to he attention to matters of ])uhlic hj'giene and a study was made by it, in 1901, of 
some of the questions relating to the milk supply of New York City. A partial 
report has been pu])lislK'd of the work accomplished. (Special attention was paid to 
the bacteria in the milk sujjply of the city, with reference to the number and 
character of these germs at different times and the changes which occur between the 
milking of the cows and the delivery to consumers. An attempt was made to 
examine the conditions prevailing at producing farms, but the number visited was 
so manifestly inadequate and the inspections n^ade were of such a character, judged 
from the report, that this branch of the investigation was merely suggestive in its 
result, and somewhat misleading. Much more practical in plan, more efficient in 
execution, and more effective in result was a systematic investigation of the manner 
in which infants living in tenement houses in the city were fed upon milk during 
the hot months. The reporters for the institute concluded that the most hopeful 
work in improving the nulk supply of this city was being done through the milk 
connnission already mentioned and by the efforts of a few milk-supply companies 
and some enterprising individual dealers. 

There has been recent decided improvement in the composition and cleanliness 
of the milk sujiply. Needed proposed improvements include regular inspections of 
farms and dairies, especially at milking time; animals to be kei>t under more sani- 
tary conditions; stables to be cleaner; milk to be shipped as soon as possible after 
milking. 

Buffalo. (Population, 352,387.) 
[For coiiijiarisDii witli other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] 

Edward Clark, M. I)., and William B. May, M. D., milk inspectors. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 31,000 gallons, or 0.70 pint jier 
capita. The daily consumption of skimmed milk is estimated as 10,000 gallons. 
Milk is sold from 1,200 stores and 529 wagons. About one-third of the supply is 
delivered in glass bottles, and these are tilled in the city stores. A limited amount 
of pasteurized milk is used. It seems to be gaining in favor. The retail jirice of milk 
is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers receiving on the farm 2^ and 
3 cents, respectively, in the summer and winter seasons. The product of a few dairies 
in the vicinity of the city which are conducted in an up-to-date manner is sold for 7 
cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 22 herds of 
milch cows, including 340 head. Milk is sent into the city from 656 dairy farms. 

The city ordinances relating to the supjsly and distribution of milk are quite 
lengthy. The sections on this subject, as published by the department of health in 
1897, are NOs. 9, 87-97, 100, 237, and 238. A permit must be obtained from the 
department of health (fee, |1) for keeping cows within the city limits, but no person 
can keep more than 1 cow unless his "premises are in proportion of 1 acre of land 



128 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

to each and every cow above the number of 1." No person can bring milk into the 
city for Hale without a written permit from the health department (fee, $3); permit 
will not be issued until a satisfactory statement showing applicant's residence, num- 
ber of cows, etc., has been filed. A license from the mayor is required for selling 
milk; the fee for each vehicle is $2. Licenses and permits must be renewed each 
May; they are revocable for cause. Retail dealers, grocers, and bakers must display 
a sign showing from whom their milk is obtained. Milk wagons must show license 
numbers, etc., and in sununer months must be covered. The law prohibits the sale 
of impure or adulterated milk, including the product of diseased cows and "cows that 
for the most part are kept tied up in the stables," and cows fed on garl:»age or other 
improper food. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, 1.029 specific 
gravity. Skimmed milk may be sold if in a plainly marked vessel and does not con- 
tain a less percentage of casein and salts than is contained in whole milk. The con- 
struction of milk rooms and milk boxes must conform to prescribed regulations. 
Milk cans must be cleaned Ijefore being returned to the dairy. The removal of milk 
bottles from a house where a contagious disease exists and the filling of l)ottles on a 
delivery wagon are prohibited. 

About $2,000 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. Two 
inspectors give all of their time to this work, and the city chemist a part of his time. 
During the last y^ar 1,022 samples of milk were examined by lactometer; 64 by 
Babcock test and gravimetric analysis; bacteriological examination was made of 3 sam- 
ples; and all of the herds within the city limits were twice inspected. A medical 
milk commission has exercised considerable influence toward the improvement of 
the city's milk supply by giving special encouragement to those interested in the 
production and sale of the highest grade of milk. 

Among the recent improvements in the milk supply of the city the following is 
named: Better sanitary conditions where milk is produced and handled, including 
the practice of cleaning cans before they are returned to the dairy farms. Needed 
improvements, as given, include thorough inspection of all dairy farms sending milk 
into the city, the requirement that milk shall he cooled immediately after milking, 
refrigerator cars for shij^ment, and provision to protect milk from the heat when it 
is standing on the railroad platforms awaiting trains. 

Rochester. (Population, 162,608.) 
[For comparison with other cities in tUa.ss I, sve \>. 2.S.] 

V\ O. Marshall, meat and milk inspector. 

Estimated average amount of milk used daily, 17,000 gallons, or 0.83 pint per 
capita, besides some skimmed milk and cream. The milk is distributed from 75 
stores and 275 wagons. There seems to be little interest manifested in pasteuriza- 
tion. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, 
the producer receiving one-half these amounts; skinuned milk is sold for 2.^ cents 
per quart. The milk of 10 well-conducted dairies in the vicinity is sold for 6 cents 
per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter. Six herds, including 90 cows, are 
within the city limits, and milk is sent in from 200 dairy farms. Two-thirds of the 
total supply is shipped by rail, the farthest distance being 45 miles. 

Ordinances Nos. 16, 17, and 18 (date?) refer to the milk supply. A license from 
the health department is required for the sale of milk, and its number must be 
shown wherever milk is sold. Its cost is |3 per year, and it is revocable for cause. 
Special care is required in the selection of persons licensed. Adulterated or unwhole- 
some milk, milk from cows diseased or "confined for the most part" in stal)les, or 
fed on swill, brewery grains, distillery waste, or fermented food, or milk from cows 
fifteen days before or five days after calving, is forbidden. The milk standard is 12 
per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk is allowed if plainly labeled. Within 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRP:D CITIES. 129 

the built-up i^ortion of the city no one can keep more than 1 cow to a city lot 33 by 
150 feet, and in the outlying portions of the city not more than 15 cows for each acre 
of land, except by special permission of the health department. Stables within the 
city must be kept clean, be well ventilated, and have 800 cubic feet of air space for 
each cow; the floor must be well drained; cows must be well l>edded and kept clean; 
and every cow must be allowed to go out doors at least two hours every day. 

Ordinance section regulating the number of cows to he kept in the city is given in 
Appendix I (p. 180). 

The city expends annually about $4,000 for the supervision of the milk supply. 
Two officials — a milk inspector and chemist — give their entire time to this work. 
They examined during the past year 4,254 samples by lactometer and Babcock test; 
204 samples by gravimetric analysis; and 335 samples for bacterial content; and 
inspected all of the herds in the city, and 175 of the 200 dairy farms. The average 
butter-fat content of samples examined in 1900 was 3.91 per cent. In a study of the 
dirt content of milk as shown by the number of bacteria, it was found there were 
relatively fewer bacteria in summer than in the cold season, the relation being 1:3.5. 
This is explained by the increased care necessarily given to milk in the warm 
weather to prevent its souring. In connection with some other work, the numbers oi 
bacteria per cubic centimeter in 24 samples of milk are given; four times they 
exceeded 5,000,000 and in four samples they were fewer than 100,000, the lowest 
number being 15,000. 

The most marked improvement recently made in the quality of the milk supply is 
due to increased cleanliness in its production. It is recommended that the use of 
swill feed be stopped; that milk be mixed so that all cans from one dairy will test 
alike; and that greater cleanliness be observed. 

Syracuse. (Population, 108,374.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] 

F. E. Engelhardt, milk inspector and chemist. 

The estimated average amount of milk used daily is 10,200 gallons, or 0.75 pint per 
capita, besides 800 gallons of skimmed milk and 250 gallons of cream. Milk is dis- 
tributed from 340 stores and 195 wagons. While the j^ractice of using glass l)ottles 
has greatly decreased during the past two years, there are yet about 2,500 in daily use, 
and these are filled on the farms and in one large milk-handling establishment in the 
city. About 200 gallons of milk is pasteurized daily, and its use is increasing. The 
retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart, and the producers are paid 2^ cents per quart 
throughout the year. About 40 dairies are said to be conducted in a satisfactory 
manner. Only 1 of them, however, Avhich guarantees its milk to contain 4.5 per 
cent of fat, receives more than the market price; its milk is sold for 8 cents. There 
are 14 dairy herds in the city, including 176 cows; 217 dairies send milk into the city; 
only about 1 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 8 miles. 

Articles VI and XVII, sections 4, 19, and 20, and the special. milk laws of the san- 
itary code of the department of health, 1901, refer to milk. The milk inspector must, 
twice a year, visit all farms producing milk for sale in the city and inspect cans, water 
supply, feeds, and the sanitary condition of stables. License fee for the sale of milk 
is S'lOC.'). Before license is granted, persons sending milk to the city must file a cer- 
tificate from a competent veterinarian, showing that his cows are free from disease. 
Impui'e or adulterated milk; milk from cows within five days after calving; milk 
from cows fed on unwholesome food, or milk with any added foreign substance, is 
prohibited. Persons working in a dairy shall not come in contact with persons hav- 
ing a contagious disease. Milk cans on milk wagons, used in retailing skimmed milk, 
sour milk, buttermilk, or "left" milk, shall l)e painted reddish lirown. Permit must 
be obtained for the sale of bottled milk. No bottles shall be filled with milk except 

25839— No. 46—03 9 



130 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

at a dairy, and all bottles must be properly sterilized before being again used. An 
ordinance has been passed requiring that all cows supplying the city with milk be 
submitted to the tuberculin test. The health officer, in a circular letter dated No- 
vember 12, 1900, requires special care in the production and handling of milk; cleanly 
practices which should be observed in dairies are described. 

The animal appropriation for the supervision of the city milk supply is $1,400; 
|300 of this is for laboratory expenses, and $1,100 is for the salary of one officer — the 
milk inspector and chemist. During the year 1902, 10,630 samples of milk were 
examined, all by lactometer, and doubtful cases by the Babcock test and gravimetric 
analysis, 120 analyses being made; 12 milk samples were found to be below the legal 
standard; 4 cans of milk were condemned and returned to the farms; 19 milk cans, 
41 can covers, and 30 dippers were also condemned. All the dairy herds and farms 
furnishing the city with milk were inspected during the year, and 1 was put under 
quarantine; 3,410 cows on 200 farms were examined for tuberculosis, use being made 
of the tuberculin test; 20 were found to be diseased. A recent annual report of tlie 
milk inspector shows in detail the amount of work accomplished. It contains, also, 
much interesting information regarding the ways that milk becomes contaminated, 
and shows what methods should be followed to insure its purity. Such a report 
must be of much value in the hands of producers and dealers. 

The milk association has done much to improve the supply and distribution of 
milk in this city. It has made it possible for the milk depots to have on hand at all 
times properly pasteurized and unpasteurized milk and cream, skimmed milk, but- 
termilk, cottage cheese, and fresh butter. These products are fresh and clean. 
Whenever outside peddlers are short of milk they are usually supplied by the asso- 
ciation. The details of the work are conducted on hygienic principles. 

Recent marked improvements in the milk supply are due to better care of the stables 
and greater cleanliness in handling milk. The need of rigid restrictions against the 
use of adulterants and the much-advertised preservatives is emphasized. A compe- 
tent person should occasionally inspect the dairy farms and impart information as to 
the best methods of producing and handling milk. 

Albany. ( Population, 94, 151. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Cla.ss II, see p. 32.] 

George L. Flanders, assistant State commissioner of agriculture. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 8,022 gallons, or an average of 0.68 
Ijint per capita, besides 1,468 gallons of skimmed milk and 213 gallons of cream. 
Milk is sold from 105 stores and 188 wagons. Only a small part of the milk supply 
is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled in the city. One firni pasteurizes 
milk, but this practice is not gaining in favor. The retail price of milk is 6 cents 
per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents. There are no "model 
dairies" in the vicinity. Within the city limits there are 25 herds, including from 
4 to 40 cows each, or a total of 366 cows, and milk is sent in from 150 dairy farms. 
One-fourth of the total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 
62 miles. 

Rules and regulations adopted by the health department in March, 1897, sup- 
plement the State laws regarding the city milk supply. License for the sale of 
milk is issued free of charge. Cows must not be watered from wells in barnyards. 
Hands of milkers and milk utensils must be thoroughly cleaned. Milk shall not be 
handled by persons exposed to or suffering from a contagious disease. Bottles must 
not be filled in the street, in cars, at railroad stations, or in any place where dust 
may get into the milk. Nor can milk lie stored (ir Ixittied in living rooms, except 
at the residence of customer. 

The supervision of the city milk supply comes iiiider State authority. During 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWU HUNDKED CITIES. 131 

the past year 12,000 samples of milk were examined in the streets by the lactome- 
ter, and occasional samples were examined by the Baljcock test and by gravimetric 
analysis; a few bacteriological examinations were made; farms are inspected when 
there is special cause showing that this is necessary. 

The establishment of a milk commission is under consideration by the county 
medical society. The object of such a commission would be the encouragement of 
the production of pure milk. A member of the committee of the medical society 
inquiring into this subject is quoted as saying: "This is being done for our own pro- 
tection, as we doctors are frequently asked what milk dealers we would recommend, 
and, without data of our own, our recommendation can be little more than a sug- 
gestion. It is the design of this committee to ascertain who sells the best milk and 
have that used by the families where we are called. In this waj'^ we believe the 
public will soon find out where the best milk can be obtained, and there will then 
be a general demand for it." The committee "vvill point out to dairymen what 
improvements can be made and encourage such improvements. 

Troy and Xiansing'burg'. ( Populati(jn, 73,248.) 
[For comparison with other cities in <^lass II, see p. 3'2.] 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,000 gallons, or an average of 0.66 
pint per capita, besides 750 gallons of skimmed milk. Milk is sold from nearly all 
of the small grocery stores and also from 120 wagons. About 15 per cent of the 
retail trade is supplied in glass bottles, filled in the city. About 12 per cent of the 
milk is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing in favor. The retail price of 
milk is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the producer receiving 2| cents in 
summer and Sj cents in winter. There are no '' model dairies " near the city. Milk 
is received from 200 dairy farms, 12 per cent coming by railway, the longest ship- 
ment being 50 miles. 

State authorities supervise the milk supj)ly. The need is felt of a closer examina- 
tion of cows, farms, and water supply. 

TJtica. (I'opulation, 56,383.) 
[Fur comparison with otluT cities in Class II, see p. ;W.] 

Wallace Clarke, health otticer. 

George C. Hodges, chemist, New Hartford. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or an average of 0.71 
pint per capita, besides 800 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. 
Milk is sold from 60 stores and 210 wagons. About one-fourth of the total supply is 
delivered in glass bottles, which are filled at the producing farms. No milk is pas- 
teurized. The retail jirice of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in 
winter, producers receiving 2 and 2.2 cents summer and winter, respectively. There 
are 2 or 3 especially well-conducted dairies near the city, but their milk is not 
sold for an extra price. There are 5 herds, including 50 cows, within the city limits, 
and milk i^ brought to the city in wagons, from 125 dairy farms, the longest haul 
being 10 miles. 

Board of health regulations Nos. 18, 19, 20, and 50 refer to milk. Persons selling 
milk must register with the city clerk. Adulterated, etc., milk or cream is prohib- 
ited. Milk cans m delivery wagons must be protected from the sun. Bottles must 
l)e filled only at the dairy or place of general supply. The milk standard is 12 per 
cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Regulation No. 50, consisting of 21 rules for the conduct 
of dairies, is printed <in a heavy cardboard and must be posted in thel)arn, dairy, and 
place of l)usiness of each person selling milk or cream. Persons exposed to or suf- 
fering from a contagious di.sease must not handle the milk sui)i)ly. Rooms where 



132 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 

milk is kept must be properly located. Skimmed milk must be in a can or recepta- 
cle painted a distinct blue color. 

About $600 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one 
inspector giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 50 samples of 
milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test, suspected ones by gravimetric 
analysis; one bacteriological examination was made; all the city herds and all the 
dairy farms were inspected. 

Yonkers. (Population, 47,931.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Chiss III. see p. 36.] 

Clark A. Sloan, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or 0.67 pint per capita, 
besides 40 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is sold. Milk is delivered from 208 
stores and 56 wagons. About one-third of the milk retailed from wagons is delivered 
in glass bottles, filled mostly in the city. One firm pasteurized about 250 quarts daily 
during June, July, August, and September. The retail price of milk is 5 to 7 cents 
per quart in summer and 6 to 7 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ to 3 cents in 
summer and 3 to 4 cents in winter. The milk from 3 "model dairies" near the city 
is sold for 8 to 10 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there 
are 28 herds, including 648 cows, and milk is sent in from 54 dairy farms. About 
one-half of the milk is received by railway, the longest shipment being 85 miles. 

Board of health regulations, sections 48 to 61, and an amendment passed in April, 
1900, refer to milk. License.s for tlie sale of milk are granted free of charge. Adul- 
terated, imi^ure, etc., milk is prohibited. Brewers' grains may be fed if fresh. Bot- 
tled milk must not be delivered where there is a contagious disease, and bottles must 
be washed before being refilled. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent 
fat. Skimmed milk must he labeled. 

There is exjjended annually $2,500 in the supervision of the milk supply. One 
inspector, chemist, and bacteriologist gives his entire time to this work, and a veter- 
inary in.spector part of his time. Duiing the past year 123 milk samples were ana- 
lyzed gravimetrically; 43 were examined bacteriologically for puss cells and bacterial 
content; all the city herds and 6 of the 54 dairy farms were inspected. 

The form for prohibiting and permitting the use of bottles is shown in Appendix 
IV (p. 209). 

There has been a marked improvement in the character of the milk supply, due 
to an increase in the amount of milk delivered in bottles, and better sanitary condi- 
tions at dairy premises. It is proposed that stores be compelled to handle only bot- 
tled milk. 

Binghamton. ( Population, 39,647. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see ji. 3t).] 

William H. Abbott, secretary of the health department. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,520 gallons, or 0.51 pint per capita, 
besides 215 gallons of skimmed milk and 250 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
about 50 stores and 72 wagons. Fifty per cent of the milk is delivered in glass 
bottles, some filled at the farms and some in the city, and about 50 per cent is pas- 
teurized, the practice increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart through- 
out the year, the producers receiving 2 cents or less per quart in the summer season. 
The milk from a few specially well-conducted dairies is sold for 5 to 6 cents per 
quart. There are no dairy herds within the city limits. A small part of the milk 
from the dairy farms within a radius of 10 miles is brought to the city by trolley 
cars. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 133 

Ordinances prohibit the sale of impure milk. 

There is no milk inspector and nothing is expended by the city in the supervision 
of its milk supply. The board of health takes action when complaints are received. 
During the past year certain individuals made bacteriological examinations of 6 
samples of milk. 

Elmira. (Population, 35,672.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

Jacob Miller, city meat and milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 1.12 pints per cap- 
ita. Milk is sold from 25 stores and 100 wagons. Glass bottles, some filled at the 
farms and some in the city, are used largely in the delivery of milk. The retail price 
of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2h cents and 3 
cents in the two seasons. Four dairies are conducted in an esi)ecially satisfactory 
manner, but their milk is not sold for an advanced jirice. Within the city limits 
there are 8 herds, including 170 cows, and milk is sent in from 150 dairy farms within 
6 miles of the city. 

One official gives a part of his time to the supervision of the milk supply. During 
the past year all of the dairies sending milk into the city were inspected; a number 
of milk samples were examined by lactometer; none were examined bacteriolog- 
ically. 

It is stated that dairies should be kept in a more sanitary condition, and more care 
should be taken as to the cleanliness of milk vessels. 

A milk commission has recently been established for the purpose of encouraging 
the production and use of pure milk. 

Schenectady. (Population, 31,682.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

William T. Clute, health oflicer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.51 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 8 stores and 34 wagons. A small portion is delivered in glass 
bottles, some filled in the city and some at the farms. No milk is pasteurized; this 
treatment was tried but discontinued. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in 
summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2h and 3 cents in the two sea- 
sons. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there 
are 3 herds, including 20 cows. About 260 gallons of milk is received daily by rail- 
way, the longest shipment being 18 miles. 

Only a small amount is expended by the city in the supervision of the milk supply. 
During the past year 500 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer; no 
bacteriological examinations were made; none of the city herds or dairy farms were 
inspected. 

There has been a recent improvement in the composition of the milk supply. The 
insjiector recommends that the sanitary conditions of dairies be placed under the 
supervision of the board of health. 

Auburn. (Population, 30,345. ) 
[For comparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

R. A. Dyer, acting milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of miik is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.79 pint per capita, 
besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 4 
stores and 60 wagons, and about 10 per cent of it is delivered in glass bottles, which 
are filled at the farms. Sixty gallons of milk is pasteurized daily, and the milk thus 



134 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

treated is increasing in favor. The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the 
year, the producers receiving 2^ cents. AVithin the city limits there are 5 herds, 
including 230 cows, and milk is sent in from 50 dairj' farms, all within a radius of 6 
miles. 

City ordinances regulate the milk supply. The milk inspector must inspect all 
places where milk is produced or sold. Cow stables must be well constructed, kept 
clean, and cows* must be given pure water. Adulterated, etc., milk and milk pro- 
duced or handled where there is a contagious disease is prohibited. 

During the past year 450 samples of milk were examined for cream volume, and 
160 by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made. In 1899, 421 
cream tests were made, showing an average of 17.5 per cent of cream by volume; 204 
fat tests were made by the Babcock machine with an average of 4.2 per cent fat; 18 
of the 50 dairy farms were visited. 

The inspector suggests that the milk supply might be improved if dairy farms were 
inspected under the direction of the State department of agriculture, which has 
facilities for making bat-teriological as well as chemical examinations of milk. 

Watertown. ( }\ )pulati( .ii, 21 ,(i9(). ) 
[For comparison with otlier citios in ("lass IV, see p. 40.] 

Thomas Burns, veterinary surgeon. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,400 gallons, or 0.88 pint per capita, 
besides 750 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 15 
stores and 40 wagons. Seven per cent of it is delivered in glass bottles, tilled both in 
the city and at the farms. A small quantity is pasteurized, and the practice is increas- 
ing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers 
receiving 2^ cents. Within the city there are "14 herds, including 18 cows," and 
milk is brought in wagons from 37 dairy farms, the longest haul being 7 miles. 

There is expended annually $750 in the supervision of the milk supply, two ofhcials 
giving a part of their time to this work. During the past year 850 samples were 
examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis. No bacteriological 
examinations were made. All the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 
An effort is being made to induce all dairymen to adopt the tuberculin test. 

Recent improvement in the supply is due to better dairy rations and better methods 
for the care and delivery of milk. 

Mount Vernon. (Population, 21,228.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

N. Eugene Smith, M. D., health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 1.18 pints per capita, 
besides 350 gallons of cream. In explanation of tlie large consumption of milk, it is 
stated that large amounts are used in institutions the inmates of which are not num- 
bered in the population of the city. No skimmed milk is sold. Milk is sold from 
15 stores and 60 wagons. Nearly one-third of it is delivered in glass bottles, and 
these are filled at the receiving stations and by local dealers. A small amount is 
pasteurized, and this practice is increasing. The retail price is 7 to 15 cents per quart 
in sunmier, and 8 to 15 cents in winter, producers receiving 11^ to 2 cents in summer 
and 3 cents in winter. The milk from 4 "model dairies" is sold for 8 to 15 cents per 
quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 10 herds, including 100 
cows, and milk is sent in from 90 dairy farms. One-third of the total supply is 
received by railway, the longest shipment being 75 miles. 

The sanitary code of health, 1893, sections 86 to 96, refer to milk. License fee for 
the sale of milk is |1. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is, 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 135 

12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and specific gravity not less than 1.029. Cans and 
wagons from which skimmed milk is sold mnst be labeled. Milk-delivery wagons 
mnst be t'overed during the months of June, July, and August. Cows must not be fed 
on garbage, swill, etc. Stores must post in a conspicuous place the names of persons 
furnishing milk. 

There is expended annually $500 in the supervision of the milk supply. During 
the past year 40 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and 
gravimetric analysis; 275 bacteriological examinations were made for typhoid bacilli, 
etc. ; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recently there has been an imjirovement in the cpiality of the milk supply. Fur- 
ther improvement would result if inspections were more frequent and if licenses ^/ere 
revoked wherever the milk is not l)eing properly produced or handled. 

Iiockport. (Population, 16,581.) 
[For comparison with oMut cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

C. A. Warren, agent of the New York State department of agriculture. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 900 gallons, or an average of 0.43 
pint per capita, besides 25 gallons of skimroed milk and 20 gallons of cream. Milk 
is sold from 30 stores and 24 wagons. About 10 per (;ent of it is delivered in glass 
bottles filled both in the city and at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price 
is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ cents 
and 3 cents in the two seasons. There are no "model dairies" near the city. 
Within the city limits there are 2 herds, including 14 cows, and milk is brought in 
wagons from 22 dairy farms, the longest haul being 6 miles. 

An ordinance adopted January, 1887, refers to milk. License fee for the sale of 
milk is $\ to $10 for each person selling from wagons, the amount in each case to be 
fixed by the mayor, and $1 for each person selling from a store or shop or peddling 
it in a small way. 

The milk supply is under the supervision of State authorities, the city appropri- 
ating nothing for this work. During the past year about 1,000 samples of milk were 
examined by lactometer; 40 samples by the Babcock test; no bacteriological exami- 
nations vvere made; the city herds and 12 of the 22 dairy farms were inspected. 

Rome. (Population, 15,343.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] 

J. M. Currie, V. S., meat and milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,000 gallons, or 0.52 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 4 stores and 26 w-agons. About one-fourth of it is delivered in 
glass bottles, filled usually at the farms; none is jjasteurized. The retail price is 4 
cents per quart in summer and 5 cents in winter, jiroducers receiving 2 cents and 
22 cents in the two seasons. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within 
the city limits there are 3 herds, including 65 cows, and milk is sent in from 36 dairy 
farms within a radius of 6 miles. 

The meat and milk inspector (salary $800) gives about one-half of his time to the 
supervision of the milk supply. During the past year 106 samples were examined 
by lactometer and Babcock test. All the city herds and dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvement is due to cleaner barns, better cattle foods, and more sanitary 
methods of milking. It is recommended that milk dealers be required to obtain 
licenses, and that coupon tickets employed in making regular retail sales be destroyed 
after being used once. 



136 BUREAU OF ANIMAL USTDUSTRY, 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

Public laws of 1899, chapter 86, refers to foods. It is unlawful to sell adulterated 
food, which is defined at length. The board of agriculture shall examine samples of 
food and may publish results. Solicitors shall prosecute for violations reported by 
the commissioner of agriculture. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

£. E. Kaufman, assistant dairy and food commissioner, Fargo. 

Laws of 1899, chapter 72, refers to milk. The enforcement of this law is charged 
to the assistant State dairy and food commissioner. Persons selling from vehicles 
milk from more than 4 cows in any city or town of 1,000 or more inhabitants must 
obtain license from the assistant commissioner. License fee is $1 annually, and all 
licenses expire in June. Certain information must be furnished, and changes of 
employees must be reported. Vehicles shall be marked with license number and 
name and place of business of owner. License is necessary also for selling milk 
from a store or stand; fee $1. It is unlawful to sell milk that is adulterated, 
unwholesome, etc. ; milk from an animal diseased or having ulcers, etc. ; milk from 
a cow within fifteen days before and five days after parturition; milk from cows kept 
in an unhealthy manner, or cream from any such milk. Skimmed milk shall be sold 
only for what it is. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 percent fat; the 
cream standard is 15 per cent fat. 

In the year 1900 the assistant dairy commissioner issued 35 licenses for the sale of 
milk in 9 cities and towns. Funds not being available, no systematic inspection was 
made, and as no complaints were received no samples of milk were taken for exam- 
ination. The dairies supplying milk to three or four cities were inspected. In cities 
where licenses have been taken out, it is estimated that 650 cows supply milk to 
1,950 private families, 40 hotels, 30 restaurants and lunch counters, 30 boarding 
houses, and 20 soda fountains; the average amount of milk required per month is 
25,000 gallons, cream 50 gallons, and skimmed milk 1,900 gallons. 

The form for report upon inspection of dairies and herds is shown in Appendix 
IV (p. 196). 

OHIO. 

Joseph E. Blackburn, State dairy and food commissioner, Columbus. 

Ohio Laws of 1889,'volume 86, page 229; and 1886, volume 83, page 120, amended, 
and page 178, sections 9 to 13, refer to milk, etc. The enforcement of laws relating 
to foods and drinks is charged to the State dairy and food commissioner. It is 
unlawful to sell milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added, or 
milk from diseased coms. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, 
except in May and June, when it is Hi per cent solids. Skimmed milk may be sold 
from cans plainly labeled. Cows protlucing market milk shall not be kept in a 
cramped or unhealthy condition or fed upon food that will jtroduce unwholesome 
milk. Condensed milk shall be made from pure unskimmed milk, and be plainly 
labeled, etc. 

Ohio Laws of 1884 — volume 81 , page 67, amended, refers to foods. It forbids the 
sale of any food that is adulterated, which term is defined at length. 

The annual report of the dairy and food commissioner shows that during the past 
year 22 samples of milk were examined under his direction; 11 of these were from 
Canton and the remainder from 8 other towns. Only 3 of the samples contained 
more than 12 per cent total solids, most of them being badly adulterated. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 137 

Cleveland. ( Population, 381, 768. ) 
[For compiirisoii witli other cities in Class 1, see p. 28.] 

Charles H. Stone, jr., inspector of food. 

The average daily consiunption of milk is estimated as 21,490 gallons, or 0.45 pint 
per capita, besides 1,000 gallons of skimmed milk and 500 gallons of cream. Milk is 
sold from 1,200 stores and 580 wagons. About one-third the total supply is delivered 
in glass bottles, and these are tilled in the city. Very little milk is pasteurized, but 
there seems to be a growing demand for it. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per 
quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. There are 2 well-conducted dairies near the 
city Avhich sell their product for 6 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in the 
winter. Within the city limits there are 31 dairy herds, including 225 cows. Milk 
is sent in from 650 dairy farms, the longest shipment being 65 miles. 

There is no reference to a milk ordinance in the special report of the food inspector 
upon the city milk supply. 

The city expends in the supervision of its food supply about $3,000 annually, one 
food inspector, two assistants, and one sanitary officer giving their entire time to this 
work. It is impossible to state what portion of the expenditure is in the interest of 
the milk supply. During the year 6,666 samples of milk were examined by the Bab- 
cock test; 300 samples for pathogenic bacteria; and all the city milch cows and 250 
of the 650 dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvements ai-e due to better stabling facilities for milch cows and to 
more careful handling of the milk. A better knowledge of the care of milk is needed 
alike by the producer, peddler, and consumer. 

Cincinnati. (Population, 325,902.) 
[lor comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] 

J. Stewart Hagen, M. D., milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 25,000 gallons, or 0.61 pint per 
capita. It is said that about half of the milk supply of the city is controlled by one 
large concern. Milk is sold from about 200 stores and 200 w'agons. Glass jars are 
used only by 3 or 4 milk dealers; they are filled in the city. Milk is pasteurized by 
two or three concerns and the practice is increasing. The retail price of milk 
throughout the year is 6 cents per quart, producers being paid half as much. The 
product of 3 especially well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 8 cents per 
quart. Within the city limits there are about 40 dairy herds, including 1,400 head. 
About 200 dairy farms send milk into the city. Appoximately 25 per cent of the 
milk supply is shipped by railway, the most distant point of supply being 100 miles 
away. 

No milk ordinance for Cincinnati has been seen, but the milk inspector reports the 
milk standard to be 12 per cent solids, 3.1 per cent fat. 

The annual expenditure for the suijervision of the city milk supply is about 
$1,200. One officer, as dairy and milk inspector, devotes his entire time to the 
duties of the office. During the year 600 samples were examined by the Babcock 
test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the herds in the city and 150 
of the 200 dairy farms were inspected. 

The milk supply has recently shown a little improvement on account of the increase 
of the portion that is produced in the country. There should be a rigid inspection 
for milk containing preservatives, and dairies within the city should be moved to 
districts where pasturage is available. 



138 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Toledo. (Population, 131,822.) 
[For comiiarisdii with other cities in Class I. see p. 28.] 

William H. Schurtz, meat and milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,650 gallons, or 0.59 pint per cap- 
ita. Milk is sold from 221 stores and 253 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the 
delivery of milk, some of them being filled in the country and others in the city. 
The practice of pasteurizing milk is new and is increasing rapidly. The retail price 
of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, and the producer on 
the farm realizes 3 cents per quart in summer and 4 cents in winter. There is 1 so- 
called "model dairy" in this locality, whose product sells at 8 cents per quart in 
summer and 10 cents in winter. Within the city there are 41 dairy herds, includ- 
ing 769 cows, and milk is sent into the city from 202 dairy farms. About one-third 
of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 80 miles. 

An ordinance of 26 sections, passed in November, 1900, regulates the sale of milk 
and cream. A permit to sell milk or cream must be obtained from the board of 
police commissioners. One dollar must be paid for each conveyance, and each must 
show permit number and name of dealer. Permits expire the first of the year and 
are revocable for cause. When application for one is made, certain information 
regarding the source of the milk supply, wagons to be used in delivery, etc., must 
be filed. Permit will not be issued until authorities are satisfied, after inspection, 
with the sanitary conditions of the producing dairies, liut while the matter is being 
considered the applicant may carry on his businesp. The milk inspector must exam- 
ine for tuberculosis and other diseases all cows supplying milk for city trade which 
are in Lucas County, those outside of the county to be examined by some local per- 
sons acceptable to the board of health. The tuberculin test may be used. All ani- 
mals shall be tagged to show results of their examination. Dairy premises must be 
kept reasonably clean. Names of dairymen supplying milk must be posted in stores. 
The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, except in May and June, when 
it is llj per cent solids. Skimmed milk may be sold if in vessels plainly labeled 
and from delivery wagons properly marked. The use of preservatives is prohibited. 
Filthy milk, milk or cream from diseased cows or cows fed on slops, milk produced 
in a place where a contagious disease exists, or handled by a person recently so 
exposed, is prohibited, and may be confiscated if offered for sale. 

About $1,250 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, and 
one inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the year 450 samples of 
milk were examined by gravimetric analysis; there were 43 prosecutions and 42 
convictions of persons selling milk and cream adulterated by preservatives and 
otherwise; 14 bacteriological examinations were made of milk from cows having 
tuberculosis, actinomycosis, and cow pox; all of the herds within the city and 131 
of the 202 dairy farms sending milk into the city were inspected. In the preceding 
year 106 dairies were inspected and 293 of the 2,914 cows were fotmd to l>e unfit for 
producing milk. 

There has recently been a decrease in the sale of adulterated, skimmed, or pre- 
served milk. Government inspectors should have supervision of dairies jiroducing 
market milk. 

The application for permit to sell milk, l^pon the back of which the milk ordi- 
nance is printed, calls for the following information: Name of applicant and resi- 
dence; location of dairy or dairies from which applicant obtains his milk and name 
of owner of such dairy or dairies; number of cows in dairy from which applicant 
obtains his milk; manner of disposing of milk. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 139 

Columbus. (Population, 125,560.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] 

W. D. Deuschle, M. D., superintendent of the division of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is CvStimated as 6,397 gallons, or 0.41 pint per capita. 
The amounts of skimmed milk and cream are not known. Milk is sold from 134 
stores and 286 wagons. Glass bottles filled at the producing farms are used quite 
extensively in the delivery of milk. The practice of pasteurizing is just beginning 
and is growing in favor. The retail price of milk is 6 cents and the wholesale 4 cents 
per quart throughout the year. There are several dairies near the city conducted on 
a better plan than others, but their milk is not sold at an extra price. There are 
only a few milch cows kept within the city limits, the greater part of the milk sup- 
ply coming from 191 dairy farms. Only a small portion of the milk supply is shipped 
into the city by rail, the longest shipment being 40 miles. 

Sections 109, 114-118, 120 (amended), and 133 of ordinance No. 6169 refer to the 
milk supply. A permit to sell milk must be obtained from the board of health. It 
is issued free and on cpndition that only pure milk will be handled. Permit num- 
ber and location of dairy nmst be shown on wagons, and names of dairymen supply- 
ing milk must be posted in stores. The sale of adiilterated milk — milk from diseased 
cows or cows fed upon swill, etc. — is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent 
solids, 3 per cent fat, except in May and June, when it is II per cent solids, 2.5 per 
cent fat. Milk below the standard, including skimmed milk, may be sold if plainly 
marked. Cows in the city must be kept in buildings having good floors, and from 
April to September they must not be confined any other time than from 6 p. m. to 
6 a. m. City cow stables must be thoroughly cleaned daily from April to October, 
and twice a week from November to March, and stables yards must be kept clean. 

About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. One 
milk inspector and one bacteriologist give their entire time to this work. During 
the past year 456 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and the Babcock 
test, and a few examinations were made for typhoid and tubercle bacilli. No inspec- 
tion of the few herds in the city or of the dairy farms is reported. (Seventy-eight 
herds were inspected the year previous. ) 

Recent marked improvements have been shown in the purity and quality of the 
milk. Suggested improvements include the inspection by a competent veterinarian 
of all herds for tuberculosis, the licensing of all milk dealers, the more frequent san- 
itary inspection of dairies, and more chemical and bacteriological examinations of 
milk. 

Dayton. (Population, 85,333.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 32.] 

Nelson Emmons, sr., clerk of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,500 gallons, or an average of 0.61 
pint per capita, besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. 
Milk is sold from about 300 stores and 100 wagons. A large amount of the milk 
supply is delivered in glass bottles which are filled at the farms. Little or no milk 
is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 to 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the 
producers receiving 3| cents. The milk from 3 especially well-conducted dairies 
near the city is sold for 7 cents per quart. There are 194 milch cows, in 15 herds, 
within the city limits. Fifty dairy farms send in milk; about one-half is received 
by railway (steam and electric), the longest shipment being 20 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance. 

No appropriation is made by the city for the supervision of its milk supply. The 
sanitary police and meat inspector has given a part of liis time to the work. During 



140 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

the past year 5 milk samples were examined for preservatives; all the city herds 
and 37 of the 50 dairy farms were inspected. 

It is proposed that the city should have a veterinary surgeon as a dairy inspector, 
and an ordinance requiring milk dealers to be licensed. 

Young'stown. (Population, 44,885. ) 
[For comparison with other eitit's in Class III, see p. 'M.] 

W. A. Banks, food inspector. 

Estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,000 gallons, or 0..S6 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 45 stores and 60 wagons. Two-thirds of it is delivered in glass 
bottles filled at the producing farms. A small quantity of milk is pasteurized; this 
practice is increasing. Milk is retailed at 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in 
winter, producers receiving 3 and 4 cents in the two seasons. There are a few spe- 
cially well-conducted dairies near the city, but they do not receive an extra price for 
their milk. There are no dairy herda within the city limits. Forty dairy farms 
send in milk. Only a small portion is received by railway, tlie longest shipment 
being 15 miles. 

About $100 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, the food 
inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 109 samples 
of milk were examined by the centrifugal method; 12 Ijacteriological examinations 
were made; no farms were inspected. It is said that formaldehyde is used exten- 
sively during the hot weather to prevent souring. 

A needed improvement is the licensing of all milk dealers. 

Akron. (Population, 42,728.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36. J 

M. W. Hoye, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.56 pint per capita, 
besides 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 75 stores and 88 wagons. One-sixth 
of the total supply is delivered in glass bottles, most of which are filled at the farms. 
No milk is pasteurized. Milk is retailed at 5 cents per quart in summer and cents 
in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits 
there are 2 herds, including 25 cows, and milk is sent in from 60 dairy farms. Four 
hundred gallons of milk is received by railway daily, the longest shipment being 20 
miles. 

There is expended annually $300 in the supervision of the milk supply, one official 
giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 580 samples were 
examined by lactometer and lactoscope; no bacteriological examinations were made; 
the city herds and 54 of the 60 dairy farms were inspected. 

Springfield. (Population, 38,253.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see ji. Sfi.] 

Henry H. Seys, M. D., health officer. 

This city has no milk ordinance, and there is no inspection of the milk supply. 
Milk is sold for 5 to 6 cents per quart throughout the year. Two dairies, better con- 
ducted than others, receive 6 cents per quart for their jjroduct. The longest distance 
milk is sent to the city is 8 miles. 

Canton. (Population, 30,667. ) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

James Sell, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.52 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 70 wagons. About 10 per cent of the milk is delivered in glass 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 141 

« 
bottles, tilled mo.stly at the farms. One tirm pasteurizes milk, and the practice is 
increasing very slowly. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the 
year, producers receiving 3 cents. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, includ- 
ing 41 cows, and milk is sent in from dairy farms within a radius of 10 miles. 

State laws supplemented by board of health rules govern the sale of milk. Per- 
sons selling milk must have a permit. 

There is expended annually $700 by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, 
two officials — a food and dairy inspector and a milk inspector — giving a part of their 
time to this work. During the past year milk samples were examined by the lac- 
tometer. The city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Hamilton. (Population, 23,914.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

A. L. Smedley, M. D , health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,027 gallons, or 0.34 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 46 stores and 32 wagons. About 3.5 per cent is delivered in glass 
bottles, half of these being tilled at the farms, the rest in the city. About 5 per cent 
of the total supply is pasteurized; the practice is not increasing. The retail price is 
6 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no " model dairies " near the city. 
Within the city there are 21 herds, including 73 cows, and milk is brought in wagons 
from 26 dairy farms, the longest haul being 6 miles. 

The health department, with an appropriation of $1,500 for all its work, has 
supervision over the milk supply. During the past year 162 samples of milk were 
examined by the lactometer and Babcock test, and by chemical tests for preserva- 
tives; two examinations were made for tubercle bacilli; 13 city herds and 16 of the 
26 <lairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to the decreased use of preserva- 
tives. It is recommended that tlie sale of milk in butcher shops be prohibited; that 
milk in grocery stores be kept in separate refrigerating boxes; and that no cows be 
kept within the city limits. 

Warren. (Population, 8,529.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see pp. 42.] 

Thomas B. Webb, sanitary policeman and food inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 645 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita, 
besides 20 gallons of skimmed milk and 20 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 1 
store and 11 wagons. About 30 per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, 
half of these being tilled in the city and the rest at the farms; none is pasteurized. 
The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2i to 3 
cents in summer and 3 cents in winter. The milk from 5 dairies, conducted in a 
better manner than others, is sold at the regular price. Within the city limits there 
is 1 herd (24 cows), and milk is received from 16 dairy farms. In summer about 3 
per cent is shipped by railway, the longest shipment being 15 miles. 

Sees. NoH. 66 to 72 of the sanitary code of January, 1896, refer to nulk. Milk 
license fee is 50 cents, but persons having only 1 cow are exempt. Impure, adulterated, 
etc., milk is prohibited. Skimmed milk mu.st be labeled. Milk must be from cows 
inspected and found to l)e healthy. 

Nothing is appropriated by the city for the supervision of its milk supply. The 
dairies pay for the inspection. During the past year 123 samples of milk were exam- 
ined by the Babcock test; 2 samples were tested for preservatives; no bacteriological 
examinations were made; the city herd and the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvement is due to better food and water supply of dairies, ventilation, 
and cleanliness of. stables, the semiannual inspection of dairies, and the publication 
in the daily papers of the monthly fat tests. 



142 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Fostoria. (Population, 7,730.) 
[For comparison with otlier cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

E. A. Schubert, milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 400 gallons,or 0.41 pint per capita, 
besides 25 gallons of skimmed milk and 10 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 10 
stores and 8 wagons. A small jiortion of it is delivered in glass bottles, and these are 
filled at the farms. Some milk is pasteurized, and the practice is increasing. The 
retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 
3 and 32 cents in the two seasons. The milk from 2 well-conducted dairies is 
sold for 6 cents in summer and 7 cents in winter. Within the city limits there is 
"1 herd, including 125 cows," and milk is lirought in wagons from 6 dairy farms, 
the longest haul being 3 miles. 

There is expended annually $200 in the supervision of the milk supply, one official 
givinsf a part of his time to this work. During the past year 108 samples were 
examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; 3 bacteriological 
examinations were made; all the city cows and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to better feed and to the introduc- 
tion of a better grade of cattle. 

OKLAHOMA. 

Compiled statutes of 1893, chapter 25, article 30, section 16, and article 50, sections 
1, 2, and 8, and chapter 8, section 4, refer to milk, foods, etc. The board of health 
shall destroy any impure article of food offered for sale. Milk from a "cow not in 
proper condition of health," or any milk adulterated by water or a deleterious sub- 
stance, or colored, shall not be sold or delivered. The adulteration of food or drink 
with fraudulent intent is a misdemeanor. The buyer shall be informed if provisions 
are diseased or unwholesome. 

OREGON. 

J. W. Bailey, State dairy and food commissioner, Portland. 

An act approved February 27, 1901, refers to milk, foods, etc., and its enforcement 
is charged to the State dairy and food commissioner. The chemist of the State agri- 
cultural college shall assist by making analyses. Justices' courts have concurrent 
jurisdiction. The dairy and food commissioner shall inspect dairy herds, methods 
of feeding, etc., as often as possible. The dairy and food connnissioner shall keep a 
list of all persons selling milk or cream in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants. Such 
persons shall secure from the commissioner a metal plate giving name, etc., for attach- 
ment to each wagon, and shall report changes of management or location. The State 
veterinarian shall be notified of diseased cows. Owners must give proper attention 
to dairies found in a filthy or unhealthy condition, when so directed by the commis- 
sioner. Milch cows in stables shall be allowed 800 cubic feet of air sjjace each; Avhen 
facing each other, shall not be closer than 10 feet. Stables shall be well ventilated 
and kept in a healthful condition. It is unlawful to sell any unclean, diseased, or 
unwholesome food or drink. The sale of milk from cows within fifteen days before 
and five days after parturition, or from cows fed on unwholesome food, is forbidden. 
The use of certain preservatives in milk or cream is prohibited. No adulterated food 
or drink shall be sold unless plainly marked to show its true character. Such articles 
are defined in detail, and include milk having less than 12 per cent solids or 3 per 
cent fat or 9 per cent solids not fat, or showing less than 1.038 specific gravity after the 
removal of tiie cream. Manure nuist not be allowed lo accunndate within 150 feet 
of any barn wliere dairy cows are stabletl. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 113 

Portland. (Population, 90,426.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 32.] 

J. W. Bailey, State dairy and food commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 7,500 gallons, or an average of 0.66 
pint per capita. Milk is sold from 25 stores and 150 wagons. Only a very small por- 
tion of the milk supply is delivered in bottles, and these are filled in the city. Little 
or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 
7^ cents in winter, producers receiving 22 cents in summer and 25 to 3 cents in 
winter. There are no " model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there 
are 45 herds, including 240 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from dairy farms 
within a radius of 8 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance, the milk supply being regulated by State laws. 

The city makes no appropriation for the supervision of its milk supply. The little 
work accomplished along this line is done by the State dairy and food commission. 
During the past year 75 milk samples were examined by the Babcock test and by 
gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; 20 of the 45 city 
herds and 15 dairy farms were inspected. 

The commissioner believes that the daily press, by arousing an interest in the sub- 
ject, might bring about a much needed improvement in the milk supply. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

John Hamilton, secretary of agriculture, Harrisburg. 

Session of 1895, No. 258;"l893, No. 96; 1885, No. 186; 1878, No. 183; and 1869, No. 
56, refer to milk, etc. The dairy and food commissioner is charged with the enforce- 
ment of laws concerning dairy products. The councils of cities and boroughs are 
authorized to provide for milk inspection. Persons peddling milk in cities or villages 
of over 1,000 inhabitants must have the vehicle marked with name of owner and 
locality where milk is produced. No person shall knowingly sell adulterated or 
unwholesome milk. The addition of ice to milk is declared an adulteration, and 
milk from animals fed on distillery waste, etc., is declared to be impure. The sale, 
in cities of the second and third classes, of milk to which water or any other foreign 
substance has been added, or milk from diseased coavs (or goats) or cows fed on any 
putrefying substance is forbidden. In such cities the milk standard is 12.5 per cent 
solids, 3 percent fat, specific gravity at60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033; and skimmed 
milk may be sold if plainly marked, its standard being 6 per cent cream by volume, 
2.5 per cent fat, specific gravity at eO'' F. between 1.032 and 1.037. It is the duty of 
bureaus of health in cities of the second and third classes to register all dairies and 
milk depots and to require owners' names to be placed upon vehicles delivering milk, 
and to prevent the sale of adulterated milk. 

Session of 1895, No. 233, refers to foods. It forbids the sale of food that is adulte- 
rated, which term is defined at length. 

Although the supervision of the milk supply of cities is largely under local boards 
of health, some work along this line has been accomplished by the State department 
of agriculture. 

A bacteriological examination of the milk supply of several cities was made in 1897 
and reported upon in the annual report of the department. A recent report of the 
dairy and food commissioner shows that in 6 months 287 samples of milk from 18 
cities and towns and 4 samples of cream from 2 cities were examined. One hundred 
and ninety-seven of the milk samples and 3 of the cream samples were found to be 
of good composition; 25 milk samples were skimmed, 32 watered, 42 preserved, and 
3 colored. In the majority of cases the milk samples were taken from peddlers or 
milk depots. 



144 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Philadelphia. (Population, 1,293,697. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] 

William J. Byrnes, chief inspector of milk. 

It is estimated that 75,000 gallons of milk are used daily, or an average of 0.46 pint 
per capita. Little skimmed milk is used. Milk is sold in aljout 1,500 stores and 
served from about 2,000 wagons. A large number of glass jars are used in the retail 
trade, most of them being filled in the city. Only a small part of the milk is pas- 
teurized.' The retail price of milk in the summer and winter is 6 and 8 cents per 
quart, respectively. Farmers are paid for their milk,« delivered in the city, 2^ to 3 
cents per quart ^ in the summer period, and 3J to 4 cents in the winter. The two 
periods vary in length in different years; for instance, in 1901 the summer period 
extended over only three months. A few first-class dairies are in the vicinity of 
Philadelphia and their milk brings an extra price. About 500 herr's, including 5,000 
cows, are within the city limits. Milk is sent into the city from about 2,500 dairy 
farms; almost all of it comes by rail, the most distant point of supply being 200 
miles away. A large portion of the milk supply is received from the adjoining 
States — New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware. 

The few State laws which ajjply to the milk supply of Philadelphia are supple- 
mented by an ordinance of 10 sections, approved September 23, 1890. This prohibits 
the sale of adulterated or impure milk, including the product of animals kept in a 
crowded or unhealthy condition, or fed on distillery waste usually called "swill," 
or any substance in a state of putrefaction or of an unwholesome nature; and milk 
which has been exposed to the emanations of a person sick with a contagious dis- 
ease, and milk from tuberculous cows. The milk standard is 12 per cent milk solids 
and 8.5 per cent solids not fat. Skimmed milk may be sold if its container is plainly 
labeled. It must contain at least 8.5 per cent of milk solids, exclusive of fat. (By a 
supreme court decision, there is no legal distinction between partially and wholly or 
separator-skimmed milk.) The director of the department of public safety is 
required to appoint an inspector of milk and the necessary assistants, analysts, 
clerks, and collectors of samples for the enforcement of this ordinance through the 
board of health. The officers are given authority to examine suspected milk wher- 
ever found, and, if their test shows it to be adulterated,' to pour it out or return it to 
the consignor. Samples must be taken in duplicate. The inspector shall each 
month publish, in such city newspapers as are willing to give space, a full list of all 
whose milk was tested the previous month and the results of the analyses, with notes, 
to show the extent of deficiency of samples below standard. 

The last section of the Drdinance states that no person shall be liable for violation 

«The monthly prices, from 1899 to 1901, received by shippers per quart for milk 
delivered in the city, freight prepaid, as announced by the Philadelphia Milk Ex- 
change and reported by The Milk Reporter, are as follows: 



Month. 



■Tanuary. 
February 
March . . . 

■A pn 1 

May 

.lurie 



1899. 


1900. 


1901. 
3^ 


31 


4 


3i 


■is 


34 


3^ 


3i 


3i 


3.1 


3^ 


3,1 


n 


3,1 


34 


2i 


3J 


3 



Month. 



July 

August .".. 
September 
October... 
November 
December 



b In wholesale transactions the " dry " quart is used. 



1899. 1900. 1901 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 145 

if he shows to the satisfaction of tlie magistrate or court that he could not have ascer- 
tained that the milk was impure, etc. 

The amount expended by the city in the supervision of the milk supply the past 
year was $9,580. Ten officials, including a chief milk inspector, assistant inspectors, 
and collectors of samples, give their entire time to this work. During the year 
47,023 samples were tested by the lactometer, and 95 samples were analyzed to 
obtain evidence for prosecutions. The lactometer samples represented 1,684,768 
quarts, of which 21,384, or 1.25 per cent, were condemned for adulteration with 
water, 267 for being skinnned, 480 for containing formaldehyde, and 4 for containing 
coloring matter (annatto). Practically half of the condemnations were upon the 
railroad receiving platforms, and in such cases, the shippers being beyond the juris- 
diction of the inspector, the condemned milk was reshipped with a certificate of 
condemnation, and the dealer accustomed to handle the product of the dairy was 
warned not to receive later shipments unless free from adulteration. The percent- 
ages of milk examined that was condemned iia each month of the year were as 
follows: 



January 1. 73 

February 1*. 03 

March 1.36 

April 1.51 



May 0.95 

June 1.82 

Julv 1.88 



September 1. 02 

October 1.10 

November 61 



August 1. 75 December 12 



It is claimed, on the basis of many analyses, that the entire city milk supply will 
average over 13 per cent total solids and over 4 per cent fat. During the year 390 
samples were examined for pus cells, pathogenic germs, etc. ; these included numer- 
ous .samples of milk obtained from houses where there were typhoid fever cases, 
which were examined with negative results. During the year all the dairies within 
the city limits were inspected; nothing is known of the conditions obtaining on 
many of the supplying farms which are beyond the city limits. The successful work 
of tiie milk commission of the Pediatric Society is described in the article "Market 
Milk: A plan for its improvement."" 

The forms for recording data regarding preliminary inspections of milk are shown 
in Appendix IV (p. 205). 

The form for notice of condenmation of milk and stub for same are shown in 
Appendix IV (p. 207). 

The milk supply has improved in quality, records showing that the percentage 
found adulterated has fallen from 11.15 in 1892 to about 1. 50 in 1900. Suggested 
improvements include legislation providing for a higher standard for milk and for 
periodical, thorough, veterinary and sanitary inspection of dairy cattle and dairy 
farms, and the awarding of certificates where conditions are found to be satisfactory. 
It is believed that the most practical way to provide for the inspection of dairies, 
especially those in other States, is to recjuire each dairyman to secure a permit before 
commencing to sell milk in the city, the permit to be based upon the conditions at 
his dairy and to be revocable. 

Pittsburg-. (Population, 321,616.) 
[For compari'<on \vith other cities in Class I, seep. 28.] 

Albert H. Edwards, meat and milk inspector. 

Estimated average amount of milk used daily is 30,000 gallons (including the milk 
and cream used in the ice-cream business), or 0.75 pint per capita. Milk is dis- 
tributed from 1,230 stores and 425 wagons About 4,000 gallons is jiasteunzed; this 
treatment, however, does not seem to be gaining in tavor. Only a small part of the 
milk is delivered in bottles, and they are filled in the city. The retail price ot miik 



"Seventeenth Annual Report oi Bureau of Animal Industry, pp. 158-193, 
25839— No. 46—03 10 



146 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

is 6 to 8 cents per quart in summer and 8 to 10 cents in winter, producers on the 
farm being paid 3 cents and 3| cents in the two seasons. There are 3 or 4 " model 
dairies " near the city, the milk from which is sold at 10 cents per quart throughout 
the year. There are 241 dairy herds within the city limits. About 90 per cent of 
the milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 50 miles. 

The city publishes State laws referring to market milk. 

In the supervision of its milk supply the city expends annually about $3,000. One 
official, an assistant milk inspector, gives his entire time to the work, and another a 
part of his time. During the j^ear 4,997 samples of milk were examined by Babcock 
test and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made. 

The most marked recent improvement has been in facilities for caring for milk. 
Suggested improvements include thorough inspection of all dairy farms and cattle, 
sterilizing or thorough scalding of all milk vessels, and examination of cattle for 
tuberculosis twice a year. 

Allegheny. (Population, 129,896.) 
[For fompari.soii with other cities in Class I, see \t. 28.] 

John Lippert, meat and milk inspector. 

It is etimated that 5,000 gallons of milk are used daily, an average of 0.31 pint per 
capita. Milk is distributed from 160 stores and 400 wagons. The few bottles used 
in its delivery are filled in the city. A considerable portion of the milk supply is 
pasteurized, and the use of such is increasing. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per 
(juart in su7nmer and 8 cents in winter; the producers on the farm receive 3 and 42 
cents per quart in the two seasons. Within tlie city limits there are 38 herds, includ- 
ing 500 cows. Milk is sent into the city from 90 dairy farms; about two-thirds comes 
by railway, and the longest shipment is 150 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance; the State laws alone regulate the milk supply. 

There is expended annually $2,700 in the supervision of the city milk supply. One 
inspector and one bacteriologist give all or a large part of their time to this work. 
About 2,000 samples were examined for fat content and 180 for tubercle and typhoid 
bacilli, and all of the dairies in the city were inspected during the past year. 

The enactment of milk ordinances is strongly recommended. 

Scranton. (Population, 102,026.) 
[For comparison witli other cities iu Class I, see p. 28.] 

Fred. J. Widmayer, food and milk inspector. 

The estimated amount of milk used daily is 7,000 gallons, or 0.55 pint per capita. 
Milk is distributed from 170 stores and 125 wagons, and about 75 per cent of it ia 
delivered in glass jars. A number of the large concerns, handling perhaps half of 
the jars, do their bottling at milk-receiving stations in the country.. Little, if any, 
pasteurized milk is used. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer 
and 7 cents in winter, producers receiving 1| cents in summer and 2| cents in winter. 
No dairy near the city is conducted in wliat might be called an entirely satisfactory 
manner. There are only two herds within the city limits; they include 25 cows. 
Milk is sent into the city from about 400 dairy farms, the most distant being 30 
miles. 

The milk supply is regulated by State laws applying to cities of the second and 
third classes, and by a few sections enacted several years ago by the city board of 
health. The latter provide as follows: The sale of adidterated milk, milk with any 
foreign substance added, or milk "from cows fed upon l)rewery grains or other 
deleterious substances," is prohibited. Wholesale and retail dealers are retpiired to 
procure licenses annually from the board <>f lieaith and display same prominently. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 147 

All milk cans must be numbered, and cans containing skimmed milk nmst be plainly 
labeled. Delivery wagons shall show the name of owner and number of license. 

About 11,200 per year is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply. 
One food and milk inspector gives his entire time to this work. In the past year 
2,612 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer and the Babcock test; no bac- 
teriological examinations were made. None of the dairies, either within or outside 
the city, have been inspected. 

There has recently been a decrease in the practice of adulterating milk l)y the 
addition of water. Needed improvements as given include the extension of the 
inspector's authority to dairies beyond the city limits, frequent inspection of those 
dairies, and regulations as to the use of ensilage and brewers' grains. 

Reading. (Population, 78,961.) 
[For ('oinparisou with other citios in Chiss II, see p. 32.] 

Peter Texter, market commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,200 gallons, or an average of 0.43 
pint per capita, besides 1,400 gallons of skimmed milk and 175 gallons of cream. 
Milk is sold from about 20 stores and 145 wagons. A very small amount of milk is 
delivered in glass bottles, and these are tilled at the farms. One-seventh of the milk 
is pasteurized, and the practice is gaining in favor. The consumers pay 6 cents and 
the producers receive 3 cents per ([uart for milk throughout the year. There are no 
herds within the city limits. IVIilk is brought to the city in wagons from 145 dairy 
farms, the longest haul being 8 miles. 

The city prints State laws regulating the milk supply. 

There is expended annually $185 in the supervision of the milk supply. The 
market commissioner gives a part of his time to this work. During the past year 
121 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer; no bacteriological examina- 
tions were made. 

Erie. (Population, 52,733.) 
[For eomparisoii with other cities in Class II, see \>. 32.] 

J. K. Hallock, secretary of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of inilk is estimated as 3,600 gallons, or an average of 0.54 
pint per capita, besides 250 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk 
is sold from 123 stores and 78 wagons. A very limited amount of milk is delivered in 
glass bottles which are filled at the producing farms and in the city. Very little 
milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 
cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 21 and 2| cents in summer 
and winter, respectively. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the 
city there are 3 herds, including 25 cows. Wagons bring in milk from 100 dairy 
farms, the longest haul being 15 miles. 

Rules and regulations (17 sections) of the board of health refer to the city milk 
supply. Permits for the sale of milk (ir cream are issued free of charge. Adulter- 
ated, etc., milk is prohibited. Cows supplying milk must be examined by a veteri- 
narian (not necessarily with the tuberculin test) within one year. Cow stables must 
be clean and, like milk rooms, must be properly located and constructed. From 
June to September milk and cream vehicles nmst be equipped with ice l)oxes. Milk 
bottles, etc., must be properly cleaned after use, and must not l)e taken from a (juar- 
antined house without the permission of the board of health. Persons exposed to 
or suffering from contagious disease nuist not handle milk or creant for sale. The 
food inspector must inspect, at least once a month, all stores and wagons from wiiich 
milk i.-i sold and take samples therefrom for analysis. 

For the full text of the rules and regulations of the board of liealtli coniierning the 
milk sui)ply, see Appendix I (p. 174). 



148 BUREAU OF ANITMAL INDUSTRY. 

During the past year 1,758 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, 
and by gravimetric analysis, the lactometer being used in a few instances. No bac- 
teriological examinations were made. All the city herds and all the dairy farms 
were inspected. The large number of samples examined shows that the law requir- 
ing the inspection of each dealer's milk once a month is well observed. 

The form used for application for milk license is shown in Appendix IV (p. 189). 

The form for report upon inspection of dairies is shown in Appendix IV (p. 196). 

Wilkesbarre. (Population, 51,721. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 32.] 

Walter Davis, M. D., water and milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,890 gallons, or an average of 0.45 
pint per capita. This is sold from about 40 stores and 60 wagons. Only one dealer 
supplies milk in glass bottles, and these are tilled some in the city and some in the 
country. A very small quantity of milk is pasteurized; and the practice is not 
increasing. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in 
winter, producers receiving 2i cents and SJ cents in the two seasons. A few dairies 
are conducted in a very satisfactory manner, but receive no advance in price for their 
product. There are no city herds. Fifty-three dairy farms near the city furnish 
about one-half of the total supply; the balance is received 1\v railway, the longest 
shipment be^ng 130 milet>. 

An ordinance adopted in October, 1896, supplements the State laws in regard to 
the milk supply. Persons selling milk must register with the water and milk 
inspector and report to him the location of dairy farms. 

The water and milk inspector (salary, $600) gives a part of his time to the super- 
vision of the milk supply. During the past year 350 samples of milk were examined 
by the lactometer, and suspected samples by the Babcock test; and the 53 nearby dairy 
farms were inspected. On 15 farms conditions were found to be satisfactory, on 21 
fairly satisfactory, and on the remainder unsatisfactory. 

A milk lal)oratory and a dairy inspectoi- are much needed. 

' Harrisburg. (Population, 50,167. ) 

[For comparison with otlier cities iu Class II, see p. '.i'l.] 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,500 gallons, or an average of 0.40 
pint per capita; al.so 1,000 gallons of skinnned milk and 125 gallons of cream. Milk 
is sold from 12 stores and 75 wagons. About 5 per cent of the total supply is delivered 
in glass bottles, and these are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail 
price is 5 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 
3 cents and 4 cents in the two seasons. The milk from one especially well-conducted 
dairy is sold for 7 cents jier quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there 
are 2 dairy herds, including 20 head, and milk is sent in from 90 dairy farms. Only 
about 8 per cent of the milk supi)ly i< received by railway, the longest shipment 
being 15 miles. 

The city exercises practically no supervision over its milk supply. 

It has been suggested that the best way to improve the quality of the milk is to 
bring to the attention of the public the advantages of pure milk and encourage those 
who produce it; and that flagrant violations of the milk laws should be promptly 
prosecuted. 

Lancaster. (Population, 41,459.) 

[For comparison with otlicr cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

M. W. Raub, secretary and physician of tlie board of health. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 1,800 gallons, or 0.35 pint per capita, 
besides 50 gallons of cream. ]Milk is sold from 12 stores, 96 wagons, and 50 private 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDKED CITIES. 149 

houses. Three-fourths of the milk is-deUvered in glass bottles, half of these being 
filled on the farms and the rest in the city. About 150 gallons of milk is pasteurized 
daily, which practice is increasing very slowly. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6 
cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 21 to 3 cents. About 10 
dairies are conducted in a satisfactory manner, their milk being sold at the regular 
price. Within the city limits there are 58 milch cows, kept in 28 stables, and milk 
is sent in from 145 dairy farms. Only 58 gallons of milk is received daily by rail- 
way, the longest shipment being 14 miles. 

State laws, supplemented by city ordinances, govern the milk supply. The milk 
inspector is authorized to destroy all impure and adulterated milk. License fee for 
the sale of milk is $1, and |1 for each wagon after the first. 

During the past year only $8 was expended by the city in the supervision of its 
milk supply; 505 milk samples Avere examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; 
all the city herds and 80 of the 145 dairy farms were inspected. The secretary of 
the board of health in 1898 made a thorough inspection of all the dairies producing 
milk for use in the city. 

His annual report gives an interesting account of the conditions under which the 
milk supply is produced, and includes the following statement: 

Number. 

Places inspec;ted outside of city limits 76 

Cows seen 950 

Cows in first-class condition 700 

Cows in middling condition 100 

Cows in poor (unsanitary) condition 150 

Cows died during the year 5 

Acres farm land (3, 024 

Acres pasture 700 

Stables inspected 76 ' 

Stables in good condition 50 

Stables unsanitary 20 

Quarts of milk furnished daily 6, 000 

Quarts of cream furnished daily 200 

Food used. Corn, chop, bran, ship stuff, malt, and pasture: 

Places using malt with other food 22 

Places using malt alone 2 

Places using pasturage alone 2 

Total milk houses inspected 68 

Total milk houses, sanitary and best condition 55 

Total milk houses, good (ventilation wanting) 13 

Cans and ve.ssels for milking and storing almost all neat, clean, and well cared for. 

Recent improvement has been shown in the cleanliness of stables and care in 
handling milk. A law regulating the sanitary condition of dairies is said to be much 
needed. 

Altoona. (Population, 38,973.) 
[For comparison with other cities in (Uass III, see p. 36.] 

J. D. Miller, health officer. 

Estimated daily consumption of milk is 3,500 gallons, or 0.72 jiint per ca^Mta. 
Milk is sold from 25 stores and 40 wagons. Four dairies deliver milk in glass bottles, 
and these are filled both in the city and at the farms. Little or no milk is pasteur- 
ized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents i^er quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, 
producers receiving 4 and 5 cents in the two seasons. Within the city limits there 
are 2 herds, including 20 cows. About 50 per cent of the milk is received by rail- 
way, the longest shipment being 15 miles. 



150 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply. During the 
past year 36 samples of milk were analyzed by the State ehemist, Jmd no bacterio- 
logical examinations were made. 

A recent improvement in the quality of the milk is due to a decrease in the use of 
formaldehyde. 

Jolinstowii. (Population, 35,936.) 
No reply to inquiries was received. 

Allentown. (Poi^ulation, 35,416. ) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] 

Morris F. Cawley, health officer. 
Milk retails at 6 cents per quart throughout the year. 

The city does practically no inspection work, and no record of the milk supply is 
kept. During the past year 40 milk samples were examined by Marchand's test. 

McKeesport. ( Population, 34,227. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

A. C. Wallace, secretary of the board of health. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,000 gallons, or 0.47 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from a number of stores and 50 wagons. Within the city limits there 
are 15 herds, including 30 cows, and about 12 dairy farms send milk into the t-ity, 
the longest distance being 5 miles. 

During the past year no inspection work has been done. 

Chester. (Population, 33,988.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, sec p. 38.] 

W. G. Monroe, secretary of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,625 gallons, or 0.38 pint per capita, 
besides 600 gallons of skimmed milk. Milk is sold from 28 stores and 59 wagons. 
Retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers 
receiving 3 and 4 cents, respectively. Milk is supplied from 70 dairy farms. One 
hundred gallons is received by railway daily, the longest shipment })eing 10 miles. 

The city has no milk inspector. 

York. (Population, 33,708.) 
[Ff)r comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

Francis X. Weil, M. D., health officer. 

Estimated daily consumption of milk is 1,350 gallons, or 0.32 pint per capita, 
besides 150 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
about 25 stores and 40 wagons. Three-fourths of the milk supply is delivered in 
glass bottles filled in the city. Pasteurized milk is delivered by only 1 wagon, and its 
use is not increasing. Milk is retailed at 5 cents per quart throughout the year, pro- 
ducers being paid 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" near the city, and no 
dairy herds within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 28 dairy farms, all within 8 
miles of the city; none is received by railway. 

The city has an ordinance forbidding the sale of adulterated milk, l)ut exercises no 
supervision over its milk supply. '^ 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 151 

Williamsport. (Population, 28,757.) 
[For comparison witli other cities in Class III, sue p. da.] 

C. W. Youngman, M.D., health officer. 

Estimated daily consumjjtion of milk is 875 gallons, or 0.24 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 14 stores and 90 wagons. About one-half is delivered in glass 
bottles tilled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. Retail price of milk is 5 cents 
per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producer^ receiving 2^ and 3 cents, 
resjjectively. The milk from 8 well-conducted dairies near the city is sold at the 
regular price. Within the city limits there are 4 herds, including 25 cows, and milk 
is sent in from 127 dairy farms. About one-seventh is received by railway, the 
longest shipment being 50 miles. 

The health officer (salary $1,000) gives a part of his time to the supervision of the 
city milk supply. During the past year 73 milk samples were examined by lactometer 
and cream gauge; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and 
all the dairy farms were inspected. A report of the conditions obtaining at the dairy 
farms is published annually in the daily papers by the l)oard of health. The 
dairies are divided into three classes: The first includes those having everything 
necessary for the production of good milk, the second those less well equipped, and 
the third includes dairies having the poorest equipment. 

Newcastle. (Population, 28,339.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

W. H. Vance, health officer. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 700 gallons, or 0.20 pint per capita, 
besides 150 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 
about 75 stores and 75 wagons, and is retailed at 6 cents per quart in summer and 
7 cents in winter. There are no dairy herd.s within the city limits. Milk is sent in 
from 75 dairy farms, all within a radius of 7 miles of the city. 

The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. 

Easton. (Population, 25,238.) 
No reply '.o inquiries was received. 

liebanon. (Population, 17,628.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

W^. L. Brunner, secretary of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,500 gallons, or an average of 0.68 
pint per capita, besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 300 gallons of cream. Milk 
is sold from 45 wagons, a large amount being delivered in glass bottles filled both at 
the farms and in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per 
quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 cents and 3 cents in the two seasons. 
There are no " model dairies " near the city. Within the city limits there are 15 
herds, including about 60 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 60 dairy farms, 
the longest haul being 8 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance. 

About $100 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. During 
the past year 70 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, no bacterio- 
logical examinations were made; 12 of the 15 city herds, but none of the dairy farms, 
were inspected. 



152 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Meadville. (Population, 10.291.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

C. Courtney McLean, Y. 8., milk inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 875 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 2 stores and 30 wagons. Perhai^s one-fifth of it is delivered in 
glass bottles, most of these being filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The 
retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents. 
There are no "model dairies" near the city. Milk is brought in wagon from 30 
dairy farms (489 cows), the longest haul being 4 miles. 

There is no herd within the city. 

Board of health rules Nos. 9, 36, 50, and 56-66 -refer to milk. Any person wish- 
ing to sell milk must apply for an inspection of his cattle, appointments, etc., and 
agree to observe certain regulations. The milk inspector must, previous to the 
issuing of permits, and annually, inspect all dairies, cows, and appointments for 
supplying milk for sale in the city. Milk from diseased cows, adulterated milk, 
etc., is prohibited. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3.5 per cent fat, 
specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033. Milk exposed to infection by contagious 
disease shall not be sold. 

There is expended annually $200 in the supervision of the milk supply, one official 
giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 976 samples were 
examined by lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were 
made; all the dairy farms were inspected. The milk inspector has published, in a 
little pamphlet, the milk regulations, together with practical suggestions for the 
guidance of dairymen. These cover the stabling, feeding, and care of cattle, and the 
care of milk. 

The form used for making application for inspection is shown in Appendix IV 
(p. 189). 

Recently more care in cooling and cleaner methods have obtained at dairies. It 
is stated that inspections should be more frequent and that the rules should be 
enforced requiring the exclusion of unhealthy cows from dairy herds, the proper 
care and handling of milk, etc. 

Phcenixville. ( Population, 9,196. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

E. 31. Massinger, V. S., veterinary inspector. 

The daily consumi^tion of milk is estimated as 725 gallons, or 0.63 pint per capita, 
besides 30 gallons (if skimmed milk and 10 gallons of cream. Milk is sold fi'om S 
stores and 37 wagons. Alxout one-third of the dealers deliver milk in gla.-s bottles 
filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents i^er quart through- 
out the year, producers receiving 2 to'2j cents in summer and 3 to 31 cents in winter. 
Within the city limits there are 7 herds, including about 60 cows, and milk is 
brought in wagons from 55 dairy farms, the longest haul being 5 miles. 

An ordinance in effect July, 1894, refers to milk. License is required for the sale 
of milk. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is i)rohibited, and may be destroyed. The 
milk standard is 12.5 percent solids, 3 per cent fat, specific gravity not less than 
1.029. Skimmed milk must be labeled and contain 2.5 per cent fat, 6 per cent of 
cream by volume. 

About $100 is expended in the supervision of the milk supply. During the past 
year 496 sami)l('s were examined by the lactometer, and S of the 55 dairy farms were 
inspected. 

The insi)ector recommends an ordinance excluding all tuberculous cows from dairy 
herds. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 153 

RHODE ISLAND. 

General laws of 1896, chapter 147; and laws of 1896, chapter 333; and 1900, chap- 
ter 785, refer to milk, etc. The mayor and aldermen of any city and the council of 
any town may select milk inspectors; in Providence this is compulsory. Notice of 
the selection shall be published. Inspectors shall record names and addresses of 
persons selling milk, take samples of milk supposed to be impure, etc. They may 
appoint sample collectors. Chiefs of police, milk inspectors, special constables, etc., 
may prosecute. The sale of milk from cows fed upon distillery refuse or other dele- 
terious substance, or milk from diseased cows or milk to which water or any foreign 
substance has been added, is forbidden. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 2.5 
per cent fat. Skimmed milk must be plainly labeled. The name and address of any 
person convicted shall be jiublished in his town or county. Milk is required to be 
sold by wine measure, and measures used in its sale must he sealed. 

Providence. ( I'opulation, 175,597.) 
[For comijarison with citlicr cities in dass I, see p. 28.] 

Walter O. Scott, inspector of milk. 

The daily receipts of milk is estimated as 22,000 gallons, or 1 pint per capita, 
besides a small amount of skimmed milk and quite a large amount of cream. The 
amount of milk consumed as such can not be definitely stated because a large por- 
tion of the receipts is used in the butterine factories located in the city; also the 
official records are kept in such a maimer that milk which is wholesaled may be 
recorded more than once. Milk is sold from 1,200 shops and 500 wagons, (jtlass 
bottles are used in the delivery of 3 per cent of the milk and 99 per cent of the 
cream, the former being bottled at the producing farms and the latter in the city. 
Little or no attention is given to the pasteurization of milk. The retail price of 
milk is 5 to 8 cents per quart in summer and 6 to 8 cents in winter. There are 6 or 
8 dairies in this locality conducted in a satisfactory manner, but not receiving an 
extra jirice for their milk. The number of cows in the city is not known. It is 
estimated that one-third of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest 
shipment being 60 miles. 

State laws are depended upon to regulate the milk supply. 

The supervision of the milk supply costs the city about $6,000 annually. Four 
officials — an inspector, two collectors of samples, and one clerk — give their entire time 
to the WKDrk. During less than half of the past year 3,178 samples of milk were 
examined either by the Babcock test or gravimetric analysis, or both. During the 
year examinations were made of 200 samples to determine bacterial content. 

According to the milk inspector, the percentage of milk — that is, adulterated — 
found forsale in stores has fallen from 28.67 in 1898 to 11.79 in 1901, and in the same 
period the percentage of adulterated milk found on wagons has fallen from 17.12 to 
7.34. During this time the jirosecutions averaged in number about 6 per month. 
The city milk inspector appears at prosecutions only as a witness. Milkmen are 
prosecuted without warning if their milk contains less than 11.50 per cent total 
solids, and storekeepers are prosecuted without warning when their milk shows less 
than 11 per cent total solids, and after warning if below 11.5 per cent. The milk 
inspector's report contains much interesting matter regarding the production and 
handling of milk, and quite a full discussion of the work performed in his office. 

Forms for keeping the records of the milk inspector's office by the "card system" 
are shown in Appendix IV (p. 210). 

Needed improvements as given include the raising of the legal standard for milk 
to 3.5 per cent fat; the adoption of standards for cream and skimmed milk; the 
licensing of dealers so that dishonest persons can be kept out of the business; the 



154 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

delivery of milk to the consumer just as it is put up at the dairy or store, there) )y 
preventing its l)eing turned from one vessel to another on wagons in ojien air; the 
establishment of a State dairy bureau to have supervision of all the dairy interests of 
the State. 

Pawtucket. (Population, 39,231.) 

[For compaTison with f)ther cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

A. J. Johnson, jr., inspector of milk. 

Estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,955 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita, 
besides 75 gallons of skimmed milk. This is sold from 80 stores and 125 wagons. 
Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are used largely in the delivery of milk. No milk 
is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 6 to 
7 cents in winter, producers Ijeing paid 3 cents and 3J cents, respectively. The milk 
from two "model dairies" is sold at 7 cents per quart throughout the year. There 
are no dairy herds in the city. Milk is sent in from 200 dairy farms. Only about 
2 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment l)eing 5 miles. 

About $400 is expended annually by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, 
the milk inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year .300 
samples of milk were examined by lactometer and gravimetric analysis; no bacterio- 
logical examinations were made; one dairy farm was inspected. 

Recently the milk has improved in composition. It is reconnnended that milk 
dealers be licensed, so that the privilege to sell milk can be denied those who evade 
the law. 

"Woonsocket. (Population, 28,204.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see ji. 3S.] 

William C. Mason, city clerk. 

This city has no ordinance regulating its milk supply, and information on this 
su))ject is not olitainable. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Acts of 1896, No. 96, sections 1 and 2, refer to milk. It is unlawful for any person 
knowingly to sell impure or adulterated milk or milk from animals diseased or hav- 
ing ulcers, etc. The milk standard is 8.5 per cent solids not fat, 3 per cent fat. 
Skimmed milk and buttermilk, when sold, nuist not 1)e misre])resented. 

Charleston. ( P()])ulation, 55,807.) 
[VoT coiniiarison with other cities in Class II, see p. ;{2.] • 

J. Mercier Green, M. D., health otticer. 

The daily consumption of milk is given as 720 gallons, or an average of 0.10 pint 
per capita, besides 8 gallons of skimmed milk and 1 gallon of cream. In explanation 
of this apparently low consumption, it is stated that many private families keep from 
1 to 12 cows and dispose of milk and cream. Tlie (luantity of milk produced by 
these cows is unknown, and is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold 
from 6 wagons. Only a very small quantity of milk is delivered in glass l)ottles, and 
little or none is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 8 cents per cjuart throughout 
the year. There are no "model dairies" near the city. No milk is shipped in by 
railway, the greater part of it being brought in Ijoats from the near-by islands. 

The city expends nothing for milk inspection. During the past year the board 
of health made bacteriological exannnations of 27 samples of milk ; none of the herds 
within the city was inspected and only 1 dairy farm outside the city was inspected. 

The passage and enforcement of an ordinance regulating the jiroduction and hand- 
Img of milk is said to be nuich needed. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 155 

SOUTH DAKOTA. 

C. P. Sherwood, State foot! and dairy coinuiisisioner, Desmet. 

Laws of 1897, chapter 65, amended, and 1899, cliapter 89, sections 23 to 29, and an 
act approved March 7, 1901, refer to foods and inilk. The food and dairy commis- 
sioner shall enforce food and dairy laws, and may take samples for analysis, etc. 
Chemists at State institutions shall analyze samples. Cows for production of market 
milk shall not be kept in an unhealthy condition or fed upon food that will produce 
impure or unwholesome milk. It is unlawful to sell, without fully informinfj; the 
buyer, any food that is adulterated, which term is defined at length. 

TENNESSEE. 

Public acts of 1897, chapter 45, refers to foods, and prohibits the sale of any food 
that is adulterated, which term is defined at length. 

Memphis. (Population, 102,.'?20.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. '2.H.] 

Felix Paquin, chemist and bacteriologist. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,400 gallons, or 0.05 jiint per- 
capita. Milk is sold from 40 stores (including hotels, etc.) and 168 wagons. There 
are no large milk depots in the city. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of about 
one-third of the milk, and they are filled at the producing farms. The entire product 
of one dairy is pasteurized, and finds ready sale. Consumers pay 6 cents per quart 
for milk throughout the year. There is one comparatively extra well conducted 
dairy in the locality which receives 8 cents per quart for its i^roduct. One hundred 
and eighty-eight dairy farms, having 3,554 cows, send milk into the city, quite a 
large amount of which is received by railway, the longest shipment being 527 miles. 

According to reports there were within the city limits in the year 1899, 105 herds, 
including 891 cows; 55 of these "herds" consisted of from 1 to 3 cows each, which 
were kept for private use, and there were 115 dairy farms, having 1,723 cows, send- 
ing milk into the city. The longest distance milk was then sent to the city was 212 
miles. 

An ordinance passed in July, 1898, regulates the milk supply. Permit from the 
board of health is required for the sale of milk or any other dairy product. The 
permit number and name of dairyman must be shown on delivery wagons. The 
ordinance prohibits the sale of adulterated or unwholesome milk, including milk 
from animals diseased or kept under crowded or uncleanly conditions, or fed on 
distillery waste or other unhealthy food, or watered with polluted water; milk drawn 
from cows fifteen days before or five days after calving; milk which has l)een in 
containers that were dirty or were washed with polluted water; milk from which 
cream has been removed; and milk containing an antiseptic. The milk standard is 
12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. 

A copy of the milk ordinance is shown in Aj^pendix I (p. 173). 

About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. 
One chemist and bacteriologist and 1 inspector of dairies and collector of milk sam- 
ples give a part of their time to this work. During the year 1,083 samples wei*e 
examined by the Babcock test, chemical analysis, microscopically, and bacterio- 
logically; 36 examinations were made for pus cells and the bacilli of tuberculosis and 
typhoid fever; and 153 dairy farms were inspected. For the adulteration of milk 46 
warrants were issued, and fines to the amount of $710 were imposed; 13 cows were 
destroyed on account of tuberculosis. 

In the previous year 1,529 samples of milk were tested for fat by th*^ Babcock test 



15fi BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

and 486 samples were examined for water and total solid content, preservatives, and 
microscopically for foreign substances; 11 Ijacteriological examinations were made; 
all of the city herds and 13 of the 188 dairies outside of the city, about which com- 
plaints had been made, were inspected; 49 warrants were issued for adulterating, use 
of preservatives, etc. ; $505 in fines were imposed. 

There has been great improvement in the quality of milk since the city inspection 
commenced about three years ago. It was then common to find 50 per cent added 
water and the free use of preservatives. Needed improvements include more fre- 
quent inspection of dairy farms and herds, the use of tuberculin where tuberculosis 
is suspected, more severe penalties for violation oi the milk laws, and l^etter methods 
of handling milk from its production to its sale. 

Nashville. (Population, 80,865.) 
[For fomparisoii with other cities in Class II, see p. 152.] 

Larkin Smith, M. D., city healtli officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,802 gallons, or an average of 0.67 
pint per capita. Milk is sold from 18 stores and 198 wagons. There are no herds 
of milch cows within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 193 dairy farms, includ- 
ing 3,401 cows. Only a very small portion is shi])ped in by railway, the longest 
shipment being 18 miles. 

An ordinance regulates the milk supply. Permits for the sale of pure milk are 
issued free of charge. Adulterated, impure, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk 
standard is 12.5 percent total solids. Skimmed milk must be plainly labeled. But- 
termilk may be sold. 

During the past year 2,570 samples were examined for total solids and preserva- 
tives; no bacteriological examinations were made, and none of the dairy farms were 
inspected. 

The permit for selling milk has printed upon it a full copy of the milk ordinance. 

Knoxville. (Population, 32,637.) 
No reply to inquiries was received. 

Chattanooga. (Population, 30,154.) 
[For eomparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

C. A. Baker, clerk of the board of health. 

This city has no milk inspector, and information regarding its milk supply is not 
available. 

TEXAS. 

Penal Code, 1895, page 80, chapter 2, article 433, defines the milk from a diseased 
cow as adulterated. 

San Antonio. (Population, 53,321.) 
[For eomparison with other cities in ('lass II, see p. 32. | 

F. Pascal, M. D., health officer. 

The retail price of milk is 8 cents per quart in summer and 10 cents in winter. 
One dairy near the city is said to be conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. 

An ordinance adopted in July, 1901, refers to milk. Milk dealers nmst have a 
permit; fee, $1. Each milk vehicle must bear a metal tag or plate furnished by the 
city clerk. The sale of adulterated milk is prohibited. 

There is practically no supervision of the milk supply. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 167 

Houston. (Population, 44,633.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

J. B. Massie, M. D., city health officer. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 3,800 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita, 
besides 100 gallons skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. This is sold from 3 
stores and 109 wagons. Glass bottles are not used in the delivery of milk. The retail 
price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no dairies near the 
city conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. Within the city limits there are 
19 herds, including 269 cows, and milk is brought to the city in wagons from 128 
dairy farms, the longest haul being 6 miles. 

An ordinance adopted in May, 1900, governs the sale of milk. Separate permits 
are issued free for each place of general sale or storage. The sale of impure, adulter- 
ated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3.2 per cent 
fat. Carrying swill, garbage, etc., upon milk wagons is forbidden. Milk coming 
from outside the city must be exposed for inspection. Condensed milk and butter- 
milk must be from pure milk. In condensed milk the milk solids shall be equiva- 
lent to 12 per cent solids* in crude milk, and 26.5 per cent of the solids shall be fat. 

About $960 is expended annually by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, 
one milk and dairy inspector giving his entire time to this work. During the past 
year 4,775 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; no 
bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms 
were inspected. 

Ordinance sections defining the terms adulterated, etc., and referring to milk 
brought into the city are given in Appendix I (p. 178). 

There has been an improvement in the grade of cattle feed used and in the care of 
cattle. 

Dallas. (Population, 42,638.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

J. H. Florence, health officer. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 5,250 gallons, or 0.98 pint per capita. 
Milk is sold from 3 stores and 175 wagons. Ten per cent of the milk is delivered in 
glass bottles, some filled at the farms, others in the city. One establishment in the 
city pasteurizes milk and the practice is increasing. Milk is retailed at 4 to 5 cents 
per quart througliout the year. There are no dairy herds within the city. Milk is 
brought to the city in wagons from 150 dairy farms, within a radius of 8 miles. 

The amount expended in the supervision of the city milk supply is not kept sep- 
arate from the other expenditures of the board of health. During the past year 
milk samples were examined by the lactometer; all the dairy farms were inspected. 
The watering of milk and use of boric acid are common forms of adulteration. 

Galveston. (Population, 37,789.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class HI, see p. 38.] 

C. H. Wilkinson, health physician. 

About 5 i)er cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, but none is pasteurized. 
Milk retails for as high as 15 cents per quart throughout the year. W^ithin the city 
limits there are 10 herds, including 50 cows. About 10 per cent of the total milk 
supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 29 miles. 

The city has no milk ordinances, and exercises no supervision over its milk sup- 
ply, but 8 of the city herds were examined during the past year. 

As a means of improving the milk supply consumers are urged to patronize honest 
dairymen whose methods are cleanly. 



158 BUREAU OF ANTMAL INDUSTRY. 

Fort Wortli. (Population, 26,688.) 

[For comparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 88.] 

H. C. Whitehead, M. D., city health officer. 

The city has no milk inspector and no regulation.s regarding the milk siJi)ply, 
except a general provision referring to milk exposed for sale. 

UTAH. 

Moroni Heiner, State dairy and food commissioner, Morgan City. 

Laws of 1896, chapter 60, sections 1 to 5, and laws 1897, chapter 54, refer to milk, 
etc. The dairy commissioner is charged with the enforcement of all laws concern- 
ing dairy products. County attorneys shall assist. It is unlawful to sell as pure 
any milk that is adulterated, skimmed, or impure, which includes milk from a cow 
within 20 days before and 5 days after parturition or from a cow that has a disease, 
ulcers, etc. Skimmed milk nuist be plainly marked; its standard is 9 per cent 
solids not fat. Standard tests and lactometers may be used to determine quality. 
Preservatives are prohibited. 

Salt Lake City. ( r()})nlation, 53,581. ) 
[For conii>arison witli other cities in ('lass II, see p. 32.] 

Horace H. Smith, clerk of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,300 gallons, or an average of 0.34 
pint per capita. This is sold from 20 .stores and 57 wagons. Seventy dairymen hold 
permits from the board of health. About two-thirds of the milk is delivered in glass 
bottles filled in the city. Fifty jjer cent of the total supply is i^asteurized and the 
practice is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the 
year, producers receiving 2^ to 2^ cents in summer and 2j cents in winter. The milk 
from two especially well-(!onducted dairies is sold at the regular price. About 1,000 
gallons of milk is jiroduced by cows kept by private families. In addition to these 
there are within the city limits 25 herds, including 250 cows. The longest shipment 
of milk to the city by railway is 35 miles. 

An ordinance adopted in August, 1894, amends a previous milk ordinance. Per- 
mits for the sale of pure milk are granted after the premises, cows, and milk vessels 
have been inspected and a sample of the milk has l)een analyzed. Yearly license fee 
shall be paid as follows: On daily sales of not more than 2 gallons, |1; on daily sales of 2 
gallons and not more than 5 gallons, $3; on each additional 5 gallons or part thereof 
sold daily, $2.50. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is total 
solids, 12 ]^er cent; fat, 3 per cent; solids not fat, 9 per cent; ash, 0.68 per cent. 

During the past year the office of food inspector was abolished, and there has since 
been very little supervision of the milk supply. Forty samples of milk were exam- 
ined by the lactometer and Babcock test, and 15 were tested for preservatives. 

The form for report upon inspection of dairies is shown in Appendix IV (p. 196). 

Recent impro->^ements in the milk are attributed largely to the decrea.sed use of 
brewers' malt and the increase in the practice of pasteurization. The present need, 
as stated, is the instruction of milk producers in cleanly methods. 

VERMONT. 

Statutes of 1894, sections 4300, 4327 to 4331, and 4975; laws of 1898, Nos. 81 and 115, 
refer to milk, etc. No person shall sell milk that is diluted with water, adulterated, 
or skimmed. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent total solids, 9.25 |)er cent .solids not 
lat, except m May and June, when it is 12 per cent total solids. Results of analyses 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 159 

at the State agricultural experiment station are competent evidence for prosecution. 
Milk tests for the basis of payments must be accurate, and persons making such 
tests must hold certificates. Wine measure is the standard measure. The State 
board of health is authorized to make chemical and bacteriological examinations of 
milk. 

VIRGINIA. 

Acts of 1899-1900 — page 694, chapter 655, refers to foods. It provides that the 
State board of a;;riculture shall examine samples of foods and may pul)lish results. 
It forbids the sale of any food that is adulterated, which term is defined at length. 

Richmond. (Population, 85,050.) 
[For comparison with other t-ities in Class II. suo ]«. 32.] 

John A. Haley, secretary of the board of health. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or an average of 0.38 
pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 100 stores and 150 
wagons. Glass bottles, filled in the city, are used in the delivery of a small portion 
of the milk supply. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per 
quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3h cents. There are no "model 
dairies" near the city, nor are there any dairy herds within the city limits. Milk is 
supplied from 150 dairy farms. Five per cent is received by railway, the longest 
shipment being 35 miles. 

There is no inspection of milk or dairies. 

Norfolk. (Population, 46,624.) 

[For comparison witli other cities in Class III, see \>. 38.] 

A. P. Pannill, secretary of the board of health. 

This city has no milk ordinance and no milk inspector, and does not exercise 
supervision over the milk supply. 

WASHINGTON. 

E. A. McDonald, State dairy and food commissioner, Seattle. 

Laws of 1899 — chapter 43 refers to milk, etc. It is the duty of the State dairy com- 
missioner to enforce all laws relating to dairy products. Chemists at State institutions 
shall make analyses. Attorney-general and county attorneys shall give legal assist- 
ance. Persons selling milk in cities and towns must obtain a license annually in 
June, from the dairy commissioner, at a cost of $1. A separate license is required for 
each vehicle, and the latter must show license number and owner's name and busi- 
ness address. It is unlawful to sell as pure any milk that is impure, adulterated, or 
skimmed, including milk known to be from cows diseased or having ulcers, etc., or 
within fifteen days before and four days after parturition; milk from cows kept in an 
unhealthy condition or fed on distillery waste or other putrefying or imhealthful sub- 
stance; milk exposed to contamination by persons or animals, or milk to which pre- 
servatives have been added. And it is unlawful to sell cream from nnpure or diseased 
milk. The milk standard is 8 per cent solids not fat, 3 per cent fat. The cream 
standard is 18 per cent fat. Skimmed milk may be sold only when plainly marked. 
Proprietors of dairies and all milk venders must report to the dairy commissioner the 
amount of milk handled. Milk dealers must have their cans marked to show 
capacity. 

Laws of 1899— chapter 113 refers to foods. It forbids the sale of 1'(hkI that is adul- 
terated, and this term is defined at length. 



160 • BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

There were 391 licenses issued by the dairy conaniHsioner in the past year. By 
counties they were as follows: 

Adams 1 Kittitas 3 j Stevens 1 

Chehalis 16 Lewis 1 ' Thurston 1 

Clallam 5 | Lincoln 7 Walla Walla 10 

Clarke 5 i Mason 3 i Whatcom 11 

Cowlitz 1 Okanogan 2 Whitman 10 

Ferry 4 j Pacific 9 , Yakima 4 

Franklin 2 1 Fierce 18 

Island llSkagit 2 '^"^^^ ^^^ 

Jefferson 7 ' Snohomish 20 

King 139 Spokane 78 

Forty-four samples of milk have been analyzed and all of them fovmd to be 
unadulterated. 

Seattle. (Population, 80,67L ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. :V2.] 

M. E. A. McKechnie, M. D., health officer. 

L. M. Woodcock, milk and dairy inspector. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,200 gallons, or an average of 0.91 
pint per capita, beside 400 gallons of skimmed milk and 700 gallons of cream. Milk 
is sold from 142 stores and 87 wagons. A very limited amount of milk is delivered 
in glass bottles, and these are filled in the city. Only one firm pasteurizes milk, and 
the practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer 
and 7 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ cents and 32 cento in the two seasons. 
There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 21 
herds, including 400 cows, and milk is sent in from 76 dairy farms. About two-thirds 
of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 44 miles. 

The milk standard is said to be 3 per cent fat, 9 per cent other solids. 

About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, one 
official — a milk and dairy inspector — giving his entire time to this work. During the 
pa^t year 2,400 milk samples were examined by the Babcock test; 117 samples were 
analyzed gravimetrically; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city 
herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. 

Recently there has been a marked decrease in the sale uf adulterated milk. 
Needed improvements, as given, include better dairy buildings ami greater care in 
the production and handling of milk. 

Tacoma. (Poi^ulation, 37,714. ) 
[For comparison witli other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

Harry H. Collier, deputy State dairy commissioner. 

The number of cows supplying milk to Tacoma is 1,100, and these are included in 
21 herds. Two hundred and six milk samples were tested in six months in the 
])ast year. 

Spokane. (Population, 36,848.) 

[For comparison with other cities in CMass III, see p. HS.] 

James Bullivant, V. S., deputy State dairy commissioner. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,500 gallons, or 0.54 pint per capita; 
also 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 8 stores and 15 wagons. AT^out one- 
fifth of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, filled in the city, by 3 or 4 dealers. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 161 

One dairy during the hot months pasteurizes milk. The retail price of milk is 6 
cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3f cents in the 
summer season. There are no "model dairies" near the city. AVithin the city 
limits there are 6 herds, including 200 cows. The longest shipment of milk to the 
city is 50 miles. 

During the past year 650 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; all 
of the city herds but none of the dairy farms were inspected; and 1 cow was exam- 
ined for tuberculosis. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

Code of 1891, chapter 150, section 20, refers to foods. It is unlawful to sell any 
article of food or drink that is not what it is represented to be. 

"Wheeling. (Population, 38,878.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

S. L. Jepson, M. D., ex-health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as -1,000 gallons, or 0.82 pint per capita, 
besides a small quantity of skimmed milk and 400 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 
from 140 stores and 120 wagons. Glass bottles are not used to a very great extent in 
the delivery of milk. They are filled some at the farms and some in the city. Milk 
is pasteurized only when prescribed by physicians. The retail price of milk is 6 
cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 and 4 cents, 
respectively. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits 
there are 10 herds, including 100 cows, and milk is sent in from 125 dairy farms. 
About one-third of the milk is received by railway, the longest shipment being 30 
miles. 

The city has no milk ordinance, and no supervision is exercised over its milk 
supply. 

The health officer believes that all milk dealers should be licensed, a milk standard 
should be fixed, and dairies should be inspected by a city official. 

WISCONSIN. 

H. C. Adams, State dairy and food commissioner, Madison. 

Tlie dairy laws have been compiled and in 1899 they Avere published in 22 sections 
by the State dairy and food commissioner. It is the duty of that officer to enforce 
laws regarding dairy products. County district attorneys shall assist. Necessary 
authority is given for inspections, samples may be taken (duplicate to owner when 
requested) , etc. It is unlawful to sell as pure any milk that is impure, adulterated, 
or unwholesome, including diluted or skimmed milk, milk from a cow known to be 
within fifteen days before or four days after parturition, or having ulcers, etc. And 
it is unlawful to sell milk that was handled in unclean vessels, or milk from cows 
that are diseased, kept in unsanitary conditions, or fed on unwholesome food, or 
refuse or slops from a distillery or vinegar factory, unless such slop "be mixed with 
other dry sanitary grain or food to a consistency of a thick mush ; " or milk to which 
a preservative or any foreign substance has been added; but viscogen or sucrate of 
lime may be used to restore viscosity to pasteurized milk or cream if its use is made 
known. The milk standard is 3 per cent fat. 

The sale of any adulterated food is prohibited, such an article being defined at 
length. 

So far as its limited force permits, the dairy and food commission cooperates 
with local authorities in the supervision of the market milk supply. Last year State 

25839— No. 46—03 11 



162 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

authorities made examinations in Milwaukee, Wausau, Janesville, Madison, Water- 
town, Racine, Kenosha, and Merrill. A few years ago brief statements of condi- 
tions found at dairies were published in the commissioner's annual report. The 
statements relating to two dairies — a good one and a poor one (names of persons 
being here omitted) — are as follows: 

Number of cows, 32; condition of stock, good, clean; condition of stables, clean; 
utensils, clean; feed, brewers' grains, corn feed, clover hay; well water. A good, 
clean dairy. Inspected (second visit) April 7, 1898. 

Number of cows, 9; condition of stock, very dirty, manure on hips and belly; 
condition of stables, dirty; utensils not seen; feed, brewers' grains, middlings, and 
hay; city water. Sickness prevented proper care; so informed by proprietor. No 
improvement since March 29, 1898. Drainage poor. Inspected February 27, 1899. 

The commissioner's report shows, also, that a large number of samples of milk 
delivered to butter and cheese factories, as well as to cities and towns, have been 
examined for fat content. A few bacteriological examinations have been made by 
the bacteriologist of the State University. 

It is estimated that not 10 per cent of the milk sold is delivered in glass bottles 
and probably not more than 1 per cent of the total is pasteurized; this latter treat- 
ment is increasing. The average retail price of milk in cities and towns varies from 
4 to 6 cents. Milwaukee is the only city in which any considerable portion of the 
milk supply is handled by middlemen, and the country producers supjilying that 
city receive an average of about 2J cents per quart for their milk. 

Recent improvements in the milk supply are due to better dairy cattle, producing 
a higher grade of milk, and improved methods of caring for cows and handling milk. 

Milwaukee. (Population, 285,315.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] 

W. C. Bennett, M. D., analyst. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 25,000 gallons, or 0.70 pint per 
capita, besides 600 gallons of cream and an unknown quantity of skimmed milk. 
Milk is sold from about 500 stores and 600 wagons. About one-tenth of the supply 
is delivered in glass bottles, and these are tilled in the city. Trade in pasteurized milk 
is unimportant. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 6 
cents in winter, the pfoducers receiving 2 cents in summer and 2^ cents in Minter. 
There are no "model dairies" in or near the city. Within the city limits there are 
117 dairy herds, including 643 head ; the number of dairy farms sending milk into the 
city is unknown. About one-fourth of the entire supply is received by rail, the 
longest shipment being 72 miles. 

An ordinance adopted by the city council October, 1891, requires that each person 
dealing in milk shall procure a license from the health commissioner who must first be 
satisfied with the sanitary condition of the dairy premises of the applicant; license 
fee, $1. Covered delivery wagons must be used during the entire year. Adulter- 
ated and skimmed milk, milk from cows fed on distillery waste or other unwhole- 
some food, milk from any place where there is a contagious disease, or milk from 
tuberculous cows, is prohibited. The use of wholesome brewers' grains is allowed. 
The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 9 per cent solids not fat. Inspectors are 
authorized to pour illegal milk upon the ground. Skimmed milk may be sold, if 
in vessels plainly labeled; it must contain 9 per cent solids not fat. 

The ordinance section requiring covering on milk delivery vehicles is shown in 
Appendix I (p. 179). 

About $1,500 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, the 
entire time of no one officer Ijeing given to this work. During the past year a large 
number of samples of milk were examined for fat content by the Babcock test; no 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 163 

samples were examined bacteriologically; 70 of the 117 herds within the city limits 
were inspected; none of those out of the city were inspected. 

There has been a sUght improvement in the composition and cleanliness of milk. 
Needed improvements include the application of the tuberculin test, so far as prac- 
ticable; a municijaal milk fann and laboratory to produce milk for infants' use; more 
perfect control of the sanitary conditions at the dairies outside of the city limits; 
more economical delivery, and an intelligent enforcement of the milk laws and 
ordinanceo. 

Superior. (Population, 31,091.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

J. M. Ruggles, secretary of the board of health. 

]\Iilk is sold from 2 stores and about 40 wagons. About 27 herds, including over 
400 cows, are within the city limits, and milk is sent in from dairy farms as far dis- 
tant as 140 miles form the city. 

Board of health ordinances, sections 47 to 52, refer to milk. License fee for sale of 
milk is 50 cents for each store and each wagon. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohib- 
ited. The milk standard shall from time to time be fixed by the board of health, 
but is subject to change by the common council. 

The meat and milk inspector's monthly report is published in the city papers, and 
shows the names of dairymen visited, the number of cows kept by them, the percent 
of fat in their milk, the kinds of feed used, the source <if water supply, and the gen- 
eral appearance of the stock and barns. 

Racine. (Population, 29,102.) 

[For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] 

Fred Pfister, health officer. 

The estimated daily consumption of milk is 1,S00 gallons, or 0.49 pint per caj^ita, 
besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 20 
stores and 40 wagons. About 15 per cent of the milk supply is delivered in glass 
bottles filled at the farms, but none is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 
cents per quart throughout the year, producers being paid 2^ cents. There are no 
dairy herds within the city limits. Milk i.s brought in wagons from 50 dairy farms, 
the longest haul being 8 miles. 

The city expends nothing in the supervision of its milk supply. During the past 
year 10 samples were examined hy the Babcock test, lactometer, and pycnometer; 
no bacteriological examinations were made, and none of the dairy herds were 
inspected. 

It is said that several well-conducted dairies near the city, supplying milk to a pro- 
prietary food company, have by their example assisted in bringing about improve- 
ments in other dairies. 

La Crosse. (Population, 28,895.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class ill, see p. 38.] 

Richard D. Murphy, health officer 

The daily consumption oi milk is estimated as 1,000 gallons, or 0.28 pint jier capita, 
besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 50 
stores and 30 wagons. Five per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles filled at 
the farms. None is- pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart through- 
out the year. The milk from one "model dairy" is sold lor 6 cents per quart. Milk 
is sent in from 16 dairy farms, all within H miles of the city. 

The city exercises no supervision over its milk supply. 



164 BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 

Oshkosli. (Population, 28,284.) 
No reply to inquiries was received. 

Greenbay. (Population, 18,684.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

F. H. Thibodo, health officer. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 600 gallons, or 0.26 pint per capita, 
besides 60 gallons of cream. In explanation of this apparently low consumption it 
is stated that a great many families keep their own cows, and the milk from these 
is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold from 1 store and 28 wagons. 
Several dairymen deliver milk in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farms. The 
retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents. 
There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 8 
herds, including 120 cows, and milk is brought in wagons as far as 8 miles. 

Ordinance of June, 1894, and board of health rules, March, 1894, sections 10 to 17, 
refer to milk. License fee for the sale of milk is $2, but persons keeping 1 or 2 cows 
in the city are exempt. Delivery wagons must be covered from April 1 to December 
1. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The standard is 12 per cent solids, 
9 per cent solids not fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled and contain 9 per cent 
solids not fat. Cows must be given wholesome food and water. Employees must 
be free from contagious disease. Dairy premises and apparatus must be kept clean. 
Milk tickets must not be taken from a place where a contagious disease exists. 

The health department has supervision over the milk supply. During the past 
year 12 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test and doubt- 
ful samples by gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all 
the city herds and 20 dairy farms were inspected. 

Recent im]>rovement in the quality of the milk is due to a better grade of cows. 

Marinette. (Population, 16,195.) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

T. J. Redelings, health commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 464 gallons, or 0.23 pint per capita, 
besides 12 gallons of cream. In explanation of this low consumption of milk it is 
stated that about 200 cows are kept by private families, and the milk from these is 
not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold from 3 stores and 23 wagons. 
Very little of it is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farms. Some 
families pasteurize their own milk supply. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per 
quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers selling their own product. There 
are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city there are 8 herds, including 
105 cows, and milk is sent in from 15 dairy farms (237 cows). About one-tenth of 
the supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 96 miles. 

Ordinance No. 117, July, 1901, having 26 sections, refers to milk. License fee for 
the sale of milk or cream is |1 for each wagon, store, etc. ; each wagon after the first, 
$1. Licenses are issued only after the health commissioner is satisfied with the 
sanitary conditions of the dairy premises. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohib- 
ited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 9 per cent solids not fat. Skimmed 
milk must be labeled and contain 9 per cent solids not fat. Sour milk must be 
labeled. Milk vehicles must be covered from April 1 to December 1. Stables must 
])e whitewashed once a year. Cows must be fed upon wholesome food and be given 
pure water; be inspected in January, July, and September of each year; and every 
Apr'l they must be tested with tuberculin. The ordinance includes 15 rules regard- 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 165 

ing the management of dairies. Milk tickets must not be taken from jilaces where 
there is a contagious disease, and the commutation, or punch, ticket must be used. 

The health commissioner supervises the milk suppl3^ During the past year 82 
samples were examined by lactometer and Babcock test. No bacteriological exami- 
nations were made. All the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Of 
105 cows voluntarily subjected to the tuberculin test, 6 reacted and were killed by 
State officers. 

Recent improvement is due to cleanliness at stables and the prompt cooling of 
milk. Needed improvements as given include the establishment of sterilizing stations 
for all milk, the use of the tuberculin test for all cows, and the spreading of infor- 
mation relating to the care of dairies. 

Waukesha. (Population, 7,-419. ) 
[For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] 

Hugo Philler, M. D., health commissioner. 

The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 395 gallons, or an average of 0.43 
pint per capita. Milk is ^old from 15 wagons, and about one-fifth of it is delivered 
in glass bottles. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increasing. 
The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits 
there are 2 herds, including 40 cows, and milk is sent in from 13 dairy farms within 
3 miles of the city limits. 

About $150 is expended annually toward the supervision of the milk supply as the 
salary to the health commissioner. During the past year 350 samples of milk were 
examined by lactometer and Babcock test, special attention being given to preserva- 
tives; and 3 samples were examined bacteriological ly for tubercle bacilli. 

WYOMING. 

Revised statutes, 1899, sections 2644, 5109, and 5110, refer to milk and foods. Milk 
is exempted from the list of articles that can not be sold on Sundays. The adultera- 
tion of any article of food or drink with fraudulent intent or sale of same or know- 
ingly selling any unwholesome article of food or drink is a misdemeanor. 



APPENDIX I. 

The following are the milk ordinances entire of six cities, and miscellaneous 
selected sections from numerous others: 

New York City. 

The following are sections from the Sanitary Code, and regulations and rules as 
published by the board of health of the city of New York: 

Extract from Sanitary Code of Laws Governing the Sale of Milk. 

Section 59. That no person shall have at any place where milk, butter, or cheese 
is kept for sale, nor shall at any place, sell, deliver, or offer, or have for sale, or keep 
for use, nor shall any person bring or send to said city any unwholesome, skimmed, 
watered, or adulterated milk, or milk known as "swill milk," or milk from cows 
or other animals that for the most part have been kept in stables t)r that have been 
fed in whole or in part on swill, or milk from sick or diseased cows or other animals, 
or any butter or cheese made from any such milk, or any unw:holesome butter or 
cheese. 



166 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Sec. 63. No milk which has been watered, adulterated, reduced, or changed in 
any respect by the addition of water, or other substance, or by the removal of cream, 
shall be brought into, held, kept, or f>ffered for sale at any place in the city of New 
York, nor shall anyone keep, have, or offer for sale in the said city anj^ such milk. 

The term "adulterated," when so used in this section, means: 

First. Milk containing more than 88 per cent of water or fluids. 

Second. Milk containing less than 12 per cent of milk solids. 
: Third. Milk containing less than 3 per cent of fats. 

■ Fourth. Milk drawn from animals within fifteen days before or five days after 
parturition. 

Fifth. Milk drawn from animals fed on distillery waste, or any substance in a state 
of fermentation or putrefaction, or on any unhealthy food. 

Sixth. Milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition. 

Seventh. Milk from which any part of the cream has been removed. 

Eighth. Milk which has been adulterated with water or any other fluid, or to 
which has been added, or into which has been introduced, any foreign substance 
whatever. 

Sec. 64. Any milk found to be adulterated, either by the addition of water or other 
substances, or by the removal of cream, or which has been brought into, or is held 
or offered for sale in the city of New York contrary to the provisions of section 63 of 
the Sanitary Code, may be seized and destroyed ])y any inspector, or other officer of 
this department authorized to inspect milk. 

Sec. 65. No condensed milk which is adulterated shall be brought into, held, kept, 
or offered for sale at any place in the city of New York, nor shall anyone have, 
keep, or offer for sale in said city any such condensed milk. The words " condensed 
milk " mean pure milk from which any part of the water has been removed, or pure 
milk from which any part of the water has been removed and to which sugars have 
been added. The term "adulterated," when used in this section, refers to condensed 
milk in which the amount of fat is less than 25 per cent of the milk solids contained 
therein, or to which any foreign substance whatever has been added, excepting 
sugars, as in preserved milks. 

Sec. 66. No milk shall be received, held, kept, offered for sale, or delivered in the 
city of New York without a permit in writing from the board of health and subject 
to the conditions thereof. 

Sec. 67. No cream that is adulterated shall be brought into, held, kept, or offered 
for sale in the city of New York, nor shall anyone keep, have, or offer for sale in said 
city any such cream. The term "cream" means the fatty portions of pure milk 
which rise to the surface when the milk is left at rest, or which is separated by other 
means. The term "adulterated," when used in this section, refers to cream to which 
any foreign substance whatever has been added. • 

Regulations. 

(1) Milk shall not be kept for sale or stored in any room used for sleeping or 
domestic purposes or opening into the same. 

(2) Milk must not be transferred from cans to bottles or other vessels on streets or 
on ferries or at depots, except when transferred to vessel of purchaser at time of 
delivery. 

(3) Milk shall not be sold in bottles except under the following rules: 

Bottles must be washed I'lean with a hot water solution of soap, or soda, or some 
other alkali, and then with hot water before filling with milk. 

Bottles must not be filled except at the dairy or creamery, and in the city only in 
rooms so situated as to prevent the contamination of the milk by dust from the streets 
or other impurities. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 167 

Bottles must not be washed or filled with milk in any room used for sleeping or 
domestic purposes or opening into the same. 

(4) The vessel in which milk is kept for sale must be so protected by means of a 
suitable cover or covered receptacle and so placed in the store as to prevent dust from 
the street or other impurities falling into it. 

(5) Store permits must be posted in stores so that they can be easily seen at all 
times. 

(6) Wagon permits to be carried on the wagons at all times when engaged in the 
sale, transportation, or delivery of milk. 

(7) The number of wagon and the number of permit, the latter to be preceded by 
the words ' ' Dejiartment of Health Permit, ' ' must be painted on both sides of the wagon 
in letters 2 inches in length and one-half inch in width, and in some contrasting 
color to that of the wagon. 

(8) If any changes are made in the information given on application blank, the 
department must be immediately notified. 

Rules for Handling and Keeping Milk. 

(1) Milk should be kept iu some place where dust and other impurities can not 
fall into it, such as a box with tight-fitting cover — preferably an ice box. 

(2) The milk should be kept at as low a temperature as possible, not above 50° F. 

(3) After the day's sales are over, the measures and utensils used in the sale of 
milk should be thoroughly cleaned with boiling water, to which a small amount 
of soda has been added in the proportion of one tablespoonful of washing soda to a 
gallon of water. 

(4) The overflow pipe from the ice box in which the milk is kept must not be 
connected directly with the drainpipe or sewer, but must discharge into an open, 
water-supplied, properly-trapped, sewer-connected sink. (See section 41 of the 
Sanitary Code. ) 

(5) The ice box in which the milk is kept should be cleaned, by scrubbing out 
with hot soda solution made as in No. 3, at least twice a week. 

(6) In selling milk, stir up the contents of the can thoroughly before measuring 
out the amount desired. This will prevent unintentional skimming. In this way 
the last quart of milk sold from the can will contain as much cream as the first 
quart sold. 

(7) It sometimes happens that in cold weather the milk may be delivered to the 
dealer more or less frozen. If such is the case, detach the ice from the side of the 
can and gently heat the contents until the ice is all melted. If there is much ice in 
the can it is absolutely necessary to do this before selling the milk, otherwise the 
liijuid part dipped out and sold at first will contain more of the solid part of the 
milk and cream, while the ice remaining and consisting principally of water will 
after a time melt, and the result will be milk containing more water than pure milk, 
and this might be enough to appear as though the milk had been adulterated with 
water. 

(8) Do not place ice in the milk if it is desired to cool it or keep it cold, as the 
ice will melt and you will then have adulterated the milk with water. 

City of Washington, D. C. 

Regulations for the Government of Dairies and Dairy Farms. 

Office Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 

Washington, July 31, 1897. 
Ordered, That the following regulations made by the health officer of the District 
of Columbia, pursuant to the requirements of section 11 of "An act to regulate the 
sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes, " approved March 2, 



168 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

1895, in lieu of the regulations on the same subject made and approved June 26, 
1895, are hereby approved : 

Section 1. No building or space shall Ije used for dairy purposes which is not well 
lighted and ventilated, which is not provided with a suitable floor, and, if such room 
or space be a cellar or subcellar, or be located in a cellar or subcellar, which is not 
properly concreted, guttered, and drained. 

Sec. 2. No dairy shall be located or maintained within any kitchen, wash room, 
work shop, or inhabited room, nor in proximity to any water-closet, privy, cesspool 
or urinal, nor in any room or space which is not of such size and construction as to 
permit the entire separation of all milk and milk products, both in the process of 
handling and storing the same, from all probable sources of contamination, either 
by dirt, noxious gases, infective organisms, or substances or anything liable to alter 
unnecessarily the quality of such milk or milk products. 

Sec. 3. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof, and 
shall use, a sufficient number of receptacles, made of nonabsorbent material, for the 
reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them to be kept clean and 
wholesome at all times; and having delivered any such receptacle to a consumer 
shall not again use the same for the reception, storage, or delivery of milk or creani in 
any form until it has been, to his personal knowledge, properly cleaned after such use. 

Sec. 4. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof a sup- 
ply of pure and suitable water, sufficient for the proper washing of all cans, bottles, 
and appliances. 

Sec. 5. Every person maintaining a dairy shall keep the same and all appurte- 
nances thereto clean and wholesome at all times, and shall change the water in the 
coolers at least once each day. 

Sec. 6. No building shall he used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is 
not well lighted, ventilated, drained, and constructed, or which is not provided with 
stalls or with proper stanchions for anchoring the cows so arranged as to allow not 
less than three and one-half feet width of space for each milch cow; or which is not 
provided with good and sufficient facilities for feeding the animals in a cleanly man- 
ner; or which contains less than six hundred cubic feet clear space for each cow, 
unless the use of such building for stabling cows for dairy purposes has been author- 
ized prior to the promulgation of these regulations, in which case it shall contain 
not less than five hundred cubic feet clear air space for each cow. 

Sec. 7. No room shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which contains 
any water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, or manure pit; nor shall any fowl, hog, 
horse, sheep, or goat be kept in any room used therefor. 

Sec. 8. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes 
shall, when so directed by the health officer, erect and maintain in the stable, stall, 
shed, or yard connected therewith one or more proper receptacles for drinking 
water for such cows, and shall keep the same supplied with clean, fresh water and 
none other. 

Sec. 9. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall 
keep the entire premises clean and in good repair and the buildings well painted or 
whitewashed. 

Sec. 10. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes 
shall cause the dung to be removed from the stables at least twice daily, and always 
within one hour preceding every milking of the cows; and shall not allow any accu- 
mulation of dung within the building occupied by the cows, but shall, whenever in 
the opinion of the health officer it is required by local conditions and surroundings, 
provide temporary storage for the same and for other refuse in a separate place, 
which shall be covered, and which, when so ordered by said health officer, shall be 
a water-tight receptacle. 

Sec. 11. Every person keeping cows for dairy ])urposes within the city of Wash- 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 169 

ington or its more densely populated suburbs, or elsewhere in the District of 
Columbia, if, in the opinion of the health officer, local conditions require it, shall 
cause the inclosure in which such cows are kept to be graded and drained so as to 
keep the surface reasonably dry and to j^revent the accumulation of water therein, 
except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drinking water; and shall 
not permit any garbage, urine, fecal matter or similar substance to be placed or to 
remain in such inclosure, nor any open drain to run through it. 

Sec. 12. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk for sale shall 
cause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times, and shall cause the teats, 
and, if necessary,. the udder, to be carefully cleaned by brushing, washing, or wiping 
before milking, and shall cause each such cow to be properly fed and watered. 

Sec. 13. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall 
provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles, of nonabsorbent material, for the 
reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall keep them clean and wholesome 
at all times, and at milking time shall remove each receptacle, as soon as filled, from 
the stable or room in which the cows are kept; nor shall any milk or cream be 
stored or kept within any room used for stabling cows or other domestic animals. 

Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any 
premises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer of the District of 
Columbia of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among such cows, 
by letter delivered or mailed, within twenty-four hours after the discovery thereof, 
and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows so diseased or which may reasonably be 
believed to be infected, and to exercise such other precautions as may be directed, 
in writing, by said health officer. 

Sec. 15. Milkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall main- 
tain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking and while so engaged. 
It shall be the duty of every person holding a permit to maintain a dairy or dairy 
farm to enforce this regulation in reference to such persons as may assist them in 
the maintenance thereof. 

Sec. 16. That any person violating any of the foregoing regulations shall, on 
conviction thereof in the police court, be punished by a fine of not more than ten 
dollars for each and every such offense, to be collected as other fines and penalties 
are collected. 

Sec 17. That the regulations for the government of dairies or dairy farms in the 
District of Columbia promulgated June 26, 1895, are hereby repealed." 

IiOtiisville, Ky. 

• Be it ordained by the general council of the city of Louisville: 

Section 1 . That no person shall bring or send into the city for sale any milk 
without a permit to do so from the health officer, said permit to be furnished 
gratuitously by the health officer to all applicants, and to be renewed in the month 
of January of each year to be valid. 

Sec. 2. All milk wagons shall have the name of the owner and the number of the 
wagon or vehicle painted thereon plainly and legibly. 

Sec 3. All grocers, bakers, and other persons having or offering for sale milk 
shall at all times keep the name or names of the dairyman or dairy company from 
whom the milk for sale was obtained posted up in a conspicuous place wherever 
such milk may be sold or kept tor sale. 

Sec 4. No milk which is unwholesome or which has been watered, adulterated, 
reduced, or changed in any respect by the addition of water or other substance, or by 
the removal of cream, shall be brought into, held, kept, or offered for sale at any 

a The milk and food laws of the District of Columbia are published in full on pages 
576-581 of the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



170 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

place in the city of Louisville, nor shall anyone keep, have, or offer for sale in the 
said city any such milk, except as provided for in this ordinance. 

Sec. 5. The terms "adulterated or unwholesome," as used in this ordinance, are 
held to mean in tliis ordinance: 

First. Milk containing more than 88 per centum of water or fluids. 

Second. Milk containing less than 12 per centum of milk solids. 

Third. Milk containing less than 3 per centum of fats or having a specific gra\aty 
of less than 1.029. 

Fourth. Milk drawn from animals within fifteen days before or ten days after 
|)arturition. 

Fifth. Milk drawn from animals fed on distillery waste, or any substance in a 
state of fermentation or putrefaction, or on any unhealthy food or drink. 

Sixth. Milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition. 

Seventh. Milk from which any part of the cream has been removed. 

Eighth. Milk which has been adulterated with water, or any other fluid, or to 
which has been added, or into which has been introduced, any foreign substance 
whatever. 

Ninth. Cream sold or offered or kept for sale as such must contain at least 20 per 
centum butter fat. 

Sec. 6. No dealer in milk, by himself or his agents, shall sell, or have in his pos- 
session with ,ntent to sell, milk from which cream has been removed in part or in 
whole, unless sold as skimmed milk, and unless there shall appear in a conspicuous 
place on both sides of the vehicle from which such milk is sold the words "Skimmed 
milk," distinctly and legibly made in letters not less than 1 inch in height; nor 
shall any dealer in milk, nor his agent or agents, sell as skimmed milk any milk 
which has a less percentage of casein and salts than that contained in unskimmed 
milk. 

Sec. 7. Every dealer in milk selling such skimmed milk shall, on each and 
every vessel from which he sells, have attached in front and side a notice stating in 
legible letters that such skimmed milk is for sale. 

Sec. 8. Any person who offers for sale milk, skimmed or unskimmed, in the city 
of Louisville, whether a resident or nonresident, shall furnish a sample of such milk 
to any officer representing the health department of the city of Louisville who may 
request the same for the purpose of examination or analysis. 

Sec. 9. No dealer in milk, or his agents, shall serve milk in bottles to any dwelling 
or other house that has in it any contagious disease or diseases, or that is placarded 
by the health officer for contagious disease or diseases, until said placard has been 
removed by the proper authorities; nor shall any person remove from such dwelling 
or house any bottle or receptacle which has been or is used for the purpose df 
receiving or storing milk. No person suffering from, or who has knowingly, withi«i 
a period of twenty days, been exposed to, diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, small- 
pox, or other dangerous contagious disease, shall work or assist in or about any dairy 
or dairy farm; bo proprietor, manager, or superintendent of any dairy or dairy farm 
who supplies milk to the citizens of Louisville, Ky., shall knowingly permit any 
person suffering, or exposed as aforesaid, to work or assist in or about said dairy or 
dairy iarm. 

Sec. 10. The health ofiicer shall not issue a permit to any person to sell milk in 
the city of Louisville who does not furnish once in every three months the health 
department with a certificate from a duly qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect 
that the cattle from which the milk he j)roposes to sell is obtained are entirely free 
from disease, and said certificates shall be kept on file in the health department, 
and shall embrace a descriptive enumeration of the cattle examined. The health 
oflBcer may require the tuberculin test if any herd is suspected of infection with 
tuberculosis. 

Sec 11. Every person maintaining a dairy shall keep the same and all appurte- 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CIIIES. I7l 

nances thereto clean and wholesome at all times, and shall change the water in the 
coolers at least once in each day, and no building or space shall be used for dairy 
purposes which is not well lighted and ventilated and which is not provided with 
a suitable floor and properly drained, or which contains less than 600 cubic feet 
clear space for each cow. 

Sec. 12. Every person using premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall 
keep the entire premises clean and in good repair and the buildings well painted or 
whitewashed, and no accumulation of dung shall be allowed, l)ut shall be removed 
at least twice daily, and one hour preceding every milking of the cows. 

Sec. 13. INIilkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall main- 
tain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking or while so engaged. 

Sec. 14. Every person keei^ing cows for the production of milk for sale shall cause 
them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times, and shall cause the teats, and, if 
necessary, the udder, to be carefully cleaned by brushing, washing, or wiping before 
milking, and sha'.l cause each of such cows to be properly fed and watered. 

Sec. 15. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall 
l)rovide and use a sufiicient number of receptacles of nonal)sorbent material for the 
reception, storage, and deHvcry of milk, and shall keep them clean and wholesome 
at all times, and at milking time shall remove each receptacle as soon as filled from 
the stable or room in which the cows are kept; nor shall anj' milk or cream be 
stored or kept within any room used for stabling cows or other domestic animals. 

Sec. 16. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any prem- 
ises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer of the city of Louisville, 
of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among such cows, by letter 
delivered or mailed within twenty-four hours after the discovery thereof, and to 
thoroughly isolate any cow or cows so diseased, or which he may reasonably believe 
to 1)6 infected, and to exercise such other precautions as may be directed, in writing, 
by said health officer. 

Sec. 17. All dairies from which milk is offered for sale in the city of Louisville 
shall be open at all times to the inspection of the health officer of the city of Louis- 
ville, or any officer representing him. 

Sec. 18. That any person, firm, company, or corporation who shall violate any 
of the provisions of this ordinance shall be fined for each offense not less than 
$20 nor exceeding $;100. 

Sec. 19. This ordinance sliall take effect from and after its passage. 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

Rules and Regulations for the Care and Management of Dairies Adopted by 
THE Board of Public Health and Charities. 

(1) No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purjioses which is not 
well lighted, ventilated, drained, and constructed. 

(2) No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purjwses which is not 
provided with a suitable floor, laid with proper grades and channels to carry off all 
drainage. If a pubHc sewer abuts the premises upon which such buildings are situ- 
ated, they shall be connected therewith and furnished with proper sanitary traps. 

(3) No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not 
provided with good and sufficient feeding troughs or boxes, and with a covered water- 
tight receptacle outside the building for the reception of dung or other refuse. 

(4) No water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, inhabited room, or workshop shall 
be located within any building or shed used for stabling cows for dairy purposes or 
for the storage of milk or cream; nor shall any fowl, hog, horse, sheep, or goat be 
kept in any room used for such purpose. 

(5) No space in buildings or sheds used for stabling cows shall be less than 500 
cubic feet for each cow, and the stalls therefor shall not be less than 4 feet in width. 



172 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

(6) It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows for 
dairy purposes to keep such premises thoroughly clean and in good repair and well 
painted or whitewashed at all times. 

(7) It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows for 
dairy purposes to cause the building in which cows are kept to be thoroughly cleaned 
and to remove all dung from the premises, so as to prevent its accumulation in great 
quantities. 

(8) Every j^erson keeping cows for the production of milk for sale shall cause 
every cow to be cleaned every day and to be properly fed and watered. 

(9) Every person using any premises for keeping cows shall cause the yard used 
in connection therewith to be provided with a proper receptacle for drinking water 
for such cows; none but fresh, clean water to be used in such receptacle. 

(10) Any inclosure in which cows are kept shall be graded and drained so as to 
keep the surface reasonably dry and to prevent the accumulation of water therein, 
except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drinking water; no garbage, 
urine, fecal matter, or similar substances shall be placed or allowed to remain in 
such inclosure, and no open drain shall be allowed to run through it. 

(11) Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall pro- 
vide and use a sufficient number of receptacles, made of nonabsorbent materials, 
for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause all milk to be 
removed without delay from the room in which the cows are kept. 

(12) No milk shall be kept in ice boxes or refrigerators which are in any way con- 
nected with sewers or cesspools, nor shall any milk be kept in the same compart- 
ment of any ice box or refrigerator in which meats or other articles of food are kept. 

(13) All cans, measures, and other receptacles for milk shall be scalded with boil- 
ing water or live steam daily; they must not be rinsed in cold water before using, for 
the water may not be pure, and some of it remaining in the vessels may contaminate 
the milk. All milk cans coming from dairies to dealers must be properly cleaned as 
above before returning to j^roducer, thoroughly aired, and kept turned uj^side down 
in a cool place. 

(14) All milk shall be strained through wire-cloth strainers and shall be cooled to 
58° within forty-five minutes after it is drawn from the cow. In winter weather 
said cooler shall be guarded against freezing. The milk shall not exceed 60° when 
delivered to the consumer or dealer. 

(15) All milk cans delivered to creameries or dealers in the city shall be covered 
with air-tight lids, and when conveyed in open wagons shall be covered with canvas 
while being so conveyed; said canvas to be kept clean by frequent washing. 

(16) All stripping, as well as first part of milk, shall be delivered. The night's 
and morning's milk shall not be mixed. No milk shall be delivered that is taken 
from a cow that has calved within twelve days or from a cow that will come in 6r 
calve inside of sixty days. 

(17) Cows shall not be fed on feed which will impart a disagreeable flavor to milk 
or upon any food which will not produce milk of a standard richness, or any sour, 
damaged feed or ensilage. 

(18) It shall be the duty of any person having charge or control of any premises 
upon which cows are kept to notify the secretary of the board of health of the exist- 
ence of any contagious or infectious disease among such cows immediately upon the 
discovery thereof, and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows affected, and to exercise 
such other precautions as may be directed, in writing, by the said secretary. 

(19) It shall be the dut}' of any person owning or having control of cows used for 
the production of milk for sale or exchange to submit said cows to the tuberculin 
test for tuberculosis on the written order of the secretary of the board of health. 

(20) It shall be the duty of any person having charge or control of any premises 
upon which milk or cream is produced, handled, stored, or distributed to notify 
the secretary of the board of health immediately upon the discovery of any case of 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 173 

Asiatic cholera, croup, diphtheria, measles, membranous croup, scarlet fever, small- 
pox, typhoid fever, typhus fever, or any other contagious or infectious diseases upon 
such premises. No milk or cream shall be sold, exchanged, given away, or in any 
other manner distributed from such infectious premises until all danger of spread of 
disease shall be removed and the secretary certifies to that effect. No person who 
attends cows or milks them, or who has the care or handling of vessels for the sale, 
storage, or distribution of milk or cream, shall enter any place or premises wherein 
exists any of the diseases mentioned herein; nor shall any such have any communi- 
cation, direct or indirect, with any jierson who resides in or is an occupant of such 
infected jjlace. Strict cleanliness of the hands and person of milkers and those 
engaged in the handling of milk or cream, and of the bodies of cows, especially of 
the udders and teats, must be enforced at all times, to the end that no impurity or 
foreign substance may be added to the milk or cream, such addition being declared 
adulteration by the statute. 

(21) No person shall add water or any other foreign substances to milk or cream 
offered or intended for sale or exchange. Milk offered for sale as whole milk or sold 
as such which contains more than 87 per cent of watery fluid or less than 13 per cent 
of milk solids, including 3.7 per cent of butter fat,« is prima facie watered, and such 
watering is declared an adulteration by the ordinance, the punishment for which is 
a fine of not less than $25 for each and every offense. 

Mempliis, Tenn. 

Milk Ordinance. & 

Be it ordained by the legislative council of the city of Memphis, That — 
Section 1. No milk, buttermilk, or cream, or other dairy products shall be 
received, held, kept, offered for sale, or delivered in the city of jNIemphis without 
[the dealer] first obtaining a permit in writing from the board of health, and subject 
to the conditions thereof. 

Sec. 2. No person shall have at any place, sell, deliver, or offer for sale, or keep 
for use, or bring or send to said city, milk or other dairy products which are 
unwholesome or adulterated with any substance, or from diseased animals, or from 
animals which are kept in uncleanly and unsanitary stables or stable yards, or from 
animals which are fed on distillery waste or other unwholesome food, or watered 
with polluted water, or from dairy farms or other places where attendants are affected 
with or exposed to contagious or infectious diseases. 
Sec. 3. Milk shall be termed unwholesome — 

(a) When drawn from animals within fifteen days before or five days after par- 
turition. 
{b) When drawn from animals fed on distillery or other unhealthy food or 

watered with polluted water. 
(c) When drawn from animals kept in a crowded or in unhealthy conditions. 
{d) When obtained from dairy farms or other places where attendants are 
affected with or exposed to contagious or infectious diseases. 
Sec. 4. Milk shall be termed adulterated — 

(a) When it contains more than 88 per cent of water or other fluid. 
{b) When it contains less than 12 per cent of milk solids. 

(c) When it contains less than 3 per cent of fats. 

(d) When water, or antiseptic, or other substance has been added. 

(e) When any part of the cream has been removed. 

(/) When placed in containers which are dirty or have been washed with pol- 
luted water. 



«The milk standard has been lowered by a State law to 12 per cent solids, 3 per 
cent fat. — H. E. A. 

& This ordinance is jjrinted on the reverse side of the milk license. 



174 BUKEAtJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the sanitary officers to obtain samples of milk, 
buttermilk, or cream from milk dealers whenever requested to by any citizen or 
ordered to do so by the board of health; said samples, together with name and 
address of dealers or drivers, are to be sent to the city chemist for analysis. 

Sec. 6. All wagons shall have i^ainted thereon, in plain, legible manner, the name 
of the dairy or owner thereof and the number of the wagon; and anyone selling or 
offering for sale milk, cream, or buttermilk without having a permit, as provided 
for herein, or selling or offering for sale milk, cream, or buttermilk, or other dairy 
product which is unwholesome or adulterated, or in any way violating, as a whole 
or in part, the provisions of this ordinance within said city, shall be guilty of misde- 
meanor and subject the offenders to a fine of not less than |5 nor more than |50 for 
each and every offense. 

This ordinance shall take effect from and after its passage. 

Passed July 13, 1898. 

Erie, Pa. 
Rules and Regulations of the Board of Health Concerning the Milk Supply. 

Section 1. No person or persons shall sell milk or cream in the cdty of Erie without 
first, annually l)efore the 1st day of July, registering with the board of health his 
or their name or names, together with the location of their route or place of business 
and the name of the owner of and the location of the dairy from which they obtain 
said milk or cream, and obtaining from the board a permit to carry on such business, 
which permit shall be issued without charge and shall be displayed in every store or 
wagon from which said milk or cream is sold. 

Sec 2. Every person or persons peddling milk or cream in the city of Erie shall 
have the wagon or other vehicle from which milk is sold inclosed and conspicuously 
marked with his, her, or their names and the locality from which said milk or cream 
is obtained. 

Sec. 3. No milk shall be sold, offered for sale, or distributed in the city of Erie 
unless the cows from which it is obtained have within one year been examined by a 
competent veterinarian and shown to the satisfaction of the board of health to be free 
from disease; but this does not necessarily mean that the tuberculin test must be 
employed. 

Sec. 4. The quality of milk or cream offered for sale in this city shall be the same 
as is provided for by act of assembly, and skimmed milk shall not be sold except in 
the manner prescribed by such act. 

Sec 5. No milk or cream shall be sold by any person or persons in whose family 
or residence there is a case of contagious or infectious disease or from any dairy in 
the vicinity of which there is such disease, except l)y permission of and in the man- 
ner prescribed by the board. 

Sec 6. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the city of Erie excejit milk 
sold from cows stabled under light, dry, and well- ventilated conditions, and in all 
other respects conforming to the requirements set forth in the following rules: 

Rule 1. Each cow shall have at least 3 feet in width of floor space when fastened 
in stanchions, and, in all cases where no adequate artificial means for ventilation are 
provided, each animal shall have an air space of at least 500 cubic feet. 

Rnk 2. All stables for shelter of said cattle shall be provided with a tight, dry 
floor. The manure drop shall be water-tight, and if constructed of wood shall be 
asphalted, tarred, or otherwise made nonabsorbent. 

Rule. 3. The walls and ceilings of said stables shall be whitewashed whenever it 
may be deemed necessary by the board of health. 

Rule 4- Manure shall not be allowed to accumulate in large quantities in stable 
yards nor near the buildings where the cattle are kept, and when stored temporarily 
in such places it shall be removed at least once a month to a distance of at least 10 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 175 

feet from said stable. The stable yards shall be drained and kept in a clean, dry 
condition, and no accumulation of household garbage, vegetables, or other putrescible 
matter shall be allowed to remain or decay in said stable yards. 

Rule 5. Cattle shall at all times be kept in a clean condition, and udde*-" shall be 
washed, hand-rubbed or wiped with a clean, damp cloth before each milking. 

Rule 6. No milk shall be sold or offered for sale or distributed in the city of Erie 
obtained from any cow that has calved within five days, or from a cow which will 
come in or calve within sixty days. 

Sec. 7. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the city of Erie except milk 
obtained from cattle fed and watered under the following conditions: All food given 
to such cattle shall be good and wholesome. Water supplied to cattle shall be pure 
and free from all contamination by stable or household drainage. 

Sec. 8. All milkers and other attendants employed in any dairy the milk from 
which is to be sold or offered for sale or delivered in the city of Erie shall be per- 
sonally clean. Before milking or caring for the milk hands shall be washed and 
clothes changed or brushed, and no milk shall be delivered or sold or exposed for 
sale in said city produced from dairies wherein the foregoing regulations are not 
observed. 

Sec. 9. No milk shall be kept for sale or distribution or handled, transferred from 
can, or stored in any stable or similar place, or in any room used wholly or in pai-t 
for domestic or sleeping purposes. 

Sec. 10. Milk shall be stored or regularly mixed, cooled, or poured from can to 
can only m a room not directly connected with a stable or stables, provided with a 
tight floor, and kept constantly neat and clean, the walls of the room being of such 
a nature as to allow easy and thorough cleaning. 

Sec. 11. No animal, water-closet, or privy shall be in the aforesaid room or in any 
room connected directly therewith. 

Sec. 12. Whenever milk is filtered or strained, cooled, or stored in a room, said 
room shall be such as is described in sections 9 and 10. 

Sec. 13. Milk kept for sale in any store, shop, market, bakery, or other establish- 
ment shall be always kept in a covered cooler, box, or refrigerator, properly drained 
and cared for; and while therein shall be tightly corked or closed, and only in such 
location and under such conditions as shall be approved by the board of health. 

Sec. 14. All vehicles from which milk or cream is sold in this city shall, during the 
months of June, July, iVugust, and September, be equipped with ice boxes, which 
shall be kept clean and whi(;h shall be of sufficient size. 

Sec. 15. All cans, bottles, or vessels of any sort used in the sale, delivery, or dis- 
tribution of milk to the consumer must be cleaned and sterilized (boiled, baked, 
scalded, or steamed) by the milk dealer before they are again used for the same 
purpose. 

Sec. 16. No metallic or card ticket shall be used in connection with the sale or dis- 
tribution of milk in the city of Erie, but instead thereof a coupon ticket shall be 
employed, and such ticket shall be canceled and destroyed after being once used. 

Sec. 17. Under no circumstances shall a milk dealer in the city of Erie, or his or 
her employee, take from a quarantined house any money, can, bottle, etc., or enter 
such a house for any purpose whatever without written permission from the board 
of health, 

Montclair, N. J. 

An Ordinance Concerning the Production of Milk and Regulating Its Sale. 

Be it ordained by the board of health of the town of Montclair, in the county of Essex, as 
follows: 

Section 1. Every person, corporation, or association of persons who now is or who 
hereafter shall be engaged in the sale or exposure for sale of milk within the town 



176 BUREAU OF AmMAL INDUSTBY. 

of Montclair, before selling or exposing the same for sale, shall furnish the board of 
health of the town of Montclair a true and complete statement as to the locality from 
which the milk so sold or exposed for sale is produced; also a full and complete list 
of the names and addresses of persons from whom the said milk is purchased, and 
the names and addresses of all {)ersons to whom they are regularly selling or deliv- 
ering milk wdthin said town; said lists shall be furnished to the said board on the 
first days of January, April, July, and October of each calendar year, and at all other 
times when requested by the said board. 

Sec. 2. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the town of Montclair except 
milk from cows stabled under light, dry, and well-ventilated conditions, and in all 
other respects conforming to the requirements hereinafter set forth, viz: 

(a) Each cow shall have at least 3 feet in width of floor space when fastened in 
stanchions, and in all cases where no adequate artificial means for ventilation are 
provided, each animal shall have an air space of at least 500 cubic feet. 

{b) All stables for the shelter of said cattle shall be provided with a tight dry 
floor. The manure drop shall be water-tight, and if constructed of wood shall be 
asphalted, tarred, or otherwise made nonabsorbent. 

(c) The walls and ceilings of said stables shall be whitewashed whenever it may 
be deemed necessary by this board of health. 

(d) Manure shall not be allowed to accumulate in large quantities in stable yards 
nor near the buildings where the cattle are kept, and when stored temporarily in 
such places it shall be removed at least once per month. The said stable yards shall 
be drained and kept in a clean dry condition, and no accumulation of household 
garbage, vegetable, or other putrescible matter shall be allowed to remain or decay 
in said stable yards. 

(e) Cattle shall at all times be kept in a clean condition, and udders shall be 
washed, hand rubbed, or wiped with a clean damp cloth before each milking. 

(/) No milk shall be sold or offered for sale or distribution in the town of Mont- 
clair unless the cows from which it is obtained have within one year been examined 
by a competent veterinarian, and are free from diseases dangerous to the public health. 
But this shall not be construed as forbidding the sale or use of milk from cows not 
tested with tuberculin. 

(g) No milk shall be sold or offered for sale or distributed in the town of Mont- 
clair obtained from any cow that has calved within ten days or from a cow which 
will come in or calve within sixty days. 

Sec. 3. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the town of Montclair except 
milk produced from cattle fed and watered under the following conditions: All food 
given to such cattle shall be fresh, sweet, and wholesome. The use of either distillery 
slops or fermented brewers' grains is prohibited, and their presence on any dairy 
premises will be considered sufficient cause for the exclusion of the milk from sucli 
dairy from sale or delivery in said town. Water supplied to cattle shall be pure and 
free from all contamination by stable or household drainage, and no well or spring 
in or adjoining any stable j'ard shall be used for watering said cattle. 

Sec. 4. All milkers and other attendants employed in any dairy, the milk from 
which is to be sold or offered for sale or delivered in said town, shall be personally 
clean. Before entering upon their duties connected with the dairy, hands shall be 
washed, and clothes changed or brushed, and no milk shall be delivered or sold or 
exposed for sale in said town produced from dairies wherein the foregoing regulations 
are not enforced. 

Sec. 5. Utensils used for the collection and transportation of milk shall, before 
being used, be thoroughly washed with pure water and soda or soap, and then steril- 
ized by boiling or steaming. 

Sec. 6. Milk which is to be delivered or sold or offered for sale in said town shall, 
immediately upon being drawn from the cow, be removed from the stable to a room 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. l77 

separate and apart from the said stable, and immediately cooled by submerging the 
vessel in which the milk is contained in cool water to a depth equal to that of the said 
milk in the vessel. The above-mentioned room shall be properly ventilated and 
lighted and shall be used for no other purpose than that indicated above, and shall 
at all times be kept in a clean condition. 

Sec. 7. The said milk shall be delivered in bottles unless permission for delivery 
in another manner shall be granted by said board. No tickets shall be used in con- 
nection with delivery of milk. 

Sec. 8. If at any time any person or persons having any connection with a dairy 
from which milk is delivered or sold or offered for sale in the town of Montclair, or 
any resident member of the family of any person so situated, shall be stricken with 
cholera, smallpox (including varioloid), diphtheria, membranous croup, yellow, 
typhus, typhoid, or scarlet fever, measles, or any other communicable disease that 
may hereafter be declared by this board to be dangerous to the public health, notice 
shall be given to said board immediately by the owner or owners of such dairy, and 
no milk produced from the dairy of any corj^oration, person, or association of persons 
failing to give the notice herein required shall hereafter be sold or exposed for sale 
or delivered in the town of ]\Iontclair until special permission therefor has been 
granted by said board. 

Sec. 9. Any person, corporation, or association of persons violating any of the pi'O- 
visions of this ordinance shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to a penalty of not 
less than |10 nor more than $100. 

Sec. 10. All ordinances or parts of ordinances inconsistent with the provisions of 
this ordinance are hereby repealed. 

Passed March 24, 1898. 

Chicago, 111. 

Ordinance Sections Regarding Qualifications, Requirements, and Duties of 
Milk Inspection Officials. 

Sec. 934. There shall be appointed by the commissioner of health a superintendent 
and an assistant superintendent of the milk and food division. They shall be per- 
sons skilled in the science of analytical chemistry and bacteriology, and, before 
entering upon their duties, shall each execute a bond to the city of Chicago in the 
sum of $5,000, with good and sufficient sureties to be approved by the mayor, con- 
ditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of their respective offices. 

Sec. 936. There shall also be employed in the milk and food division of the depart- 
ment of health hereby created such assistants, employees, and inspectors as shall 
be deemed necessary by the commissioner of health, and they shall be under the 
direction of the superintendent and shall perform such duties as are in this article 
provided and as the said superintendent may additionally direct. The inspectors 
employed under this article shall give a good and sufficient bond to the city of 
Chicago in the sum of $2,000, to be approved by the mayor, and conditioned for the 
faithful performance of their duties. 

Ordinance Section Referring to Signs on Delivery Vehicles. 

Sec 943. No milk or cream shall be sold, offered for sale, exposed for sale, 
exchanged, delivered, transported, conveyed, or carried on any Avagon, carriage, or 
other vehicle unless the owner or owners thereof shall first obtain from the city clerk 
two painted metal plates 8 inches long and 4 inches wide, on which shall be stamped 
the number corresponding to the license, and also the words "Chicago Milk Peddler," 
together with the year for which the license is issued, which plates the said licensed 
owner or owners shall cause to be securely fastened on the outside of each side of the 
box of his vehicle so licensed, or in a conspicuous place so that the same can be 
easily seen. 

25839— No. 46—03 12 



178 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Ordinance Section Regarding Milk Licenke Fees. 

Sec. 2. Any person or persons desiring to sell, barter, or traflac in milk within the 
city of Grand Rapids, on his or their application to the city clerk of said city shall 
be licensed to do the same aa hereinafter provided, and shall be granted a permit 
therefor upon the payment of the following license fee: For the selling of milk from 
wagons, $5 per year; from milk carts propelled by hand, |1 per year; from cans 
carried by hand, 50 cents per year; for selling from dairies or creameries, $5 per 
year; and for selling from private houses or restaurants and all other places, $1 per 
year: Provided, however, That where more than one milk wagon is owned, operated, 
and controlled by the same person or firm, that a license fee of $2 shall be charged 
for each additional wagon, which said sum shall be paid to the city clerk and by him 
paid to the city treasurer. Said license shall continue and be operative until the first 
Monday in May ne^Jt ensuing the issuance of the same, unless sooner revoked as here- 
inafter provided, and the license fees above provided shall be the same for a full year 
or for any part thereof: Provided, liowever, That no fee shall l)e charged any farmer 
for such license or i^ermit who does not sell any milk whatever except such as he 
produces from his own cows on his own farm. 

Houston, Tex. 

Ordinance Sections Defining the Terms Adulterated, etc., and Referring to 
Milk Brought into the City. 

Sec. 15. The terms adulterated, impure, unhealthy, and unwholesome, applied to 
milk or dairy products, and as used in this ordinance, mean — 

(1) Milk containing less than 12 per centum of milk solids. 

(2) Milk containing more than 88 per centum of water or fluids. 

(3) Milk containing less than 3.2 per centum of fats. 

(4) Milk drawn from cows within fifteen days before or within five days afte/ 
l)arturition. 

(5) Milk drawn from cows fed on any unhealthy or unwholesome food. 

(6) Milk drawn from cows kept in an unhealthy or unsanitary condition, or from 
cows affected with any form of disease, or from cows which are supplied with water 
which is impure or unwholesome. 

(7) Milk from which any part of the cream has been removed. 

(8) Milk which has been diluted with water or with any other fluid, or to which 
has been added or into which has been introduced any foreign substance whatever. 

(9) Milk drawn from cows, or by milkers that are themselves, in a condition of 
filth or uncleanliness. 

(10) Any milk which is shown by analysis to contain any substance or substances 
of any character whatsoever not natural or normal constituents of milk, or to have 
been deprived either wholly or in part of any constituent naturally or normally con- 
tained in milk. 

Sec. 24. It shall be the duty of the owner or consignee of milk brought into the 
city of Houston by land over any road or railroad leading into the city of Houston 
to cause the same to be tendered and exposed for inspection according to the require- 
ments of said health officer: Provided, That said milk shall not be detained for inspec- 
tion for a longer period than one hour. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 179 

Fall River, Mass. 

Regulation 71, Referring to Skimmed Milk. 

Sec. 4. Skimmed milk sliall not be sold, exchanged, or delivered within the city 
of Fall River unless a special license therefor shall have been first obtained from the 
board of health, which will be granted only on conditions that the provisions of the 
public statutes shall be observed and that the words "Skimmed Milk," the name of 
the licensee, and the number of the special license sliall be painted on both sides of 
the wagon or other vehicle or can or vessel used to convey or hold the milk, in let- 
ters and figures 2 inches in length and one-half inch in width and in some contrast- 
ing color to that of the wagon or can. 

Fort "Wayne, Ind. 
Ordinance Section Regarding Delivery of Skimmed Milk. 

Sec. 6. No skimmed milk stall be sold, offered for sale, exchanged, delivered, 
transported, or carried in any wagOn, carriage, or other vehicle unless the same is 
carried and contained in a can or vessel painted red, on which are conspicuously 
painted or printed the words "Skimmed Milk" in large, plain roman letters not 
lees than 2 inches long. 

Mil-waukee, Wis. 
Ordinance Section Requiring Covering on Milk Delivery Vehicles. 

Sec. 4. No person or persons shall bring to or deliver milk in the city of Milwaukee 
for the purpose of retailing the same to consumers in the city of Milwaukee in any 
open or uncovered wagon, cart, or conveyance of any kind; and all milk hereafter 
to be brought to the city of Milwaukee to be retailed to consumers, or for that pur- 
pose to be delivered in the city of Milwaukee, shall be brought to said city and 
delivered in cars, wagons, or carts so constructed that the covering hereinbefore pro- 
vided for shall not come in contact with the cans or vessels containing the milk, and 
shall protect such milk and the cans or vessels containing the same from the sun and 
rain, and, as far as practicable, from the dust and all the impurities of the air. 

Kansas City, Mo. 

Ordinance Section Regardinc; Dairy Inspections. 

Sec. 1033. Examination of stables, lots, etc. It shall be the duty of the sanitary 
sergeant and the policemen and city chemist to at least once every two months, and 
as much oftener as they think necessary and proper, inspect and examine all stables, 
lots, and pastures where cows are kept and fed whose milk or cream therefrom is sold 
in the city; as also the food guch cows are fed, and the health and condition of such 
cows, and make report thereof to the sanitary superintendent. If in their opinion 
any such cows are not fed on good and wholesome food or are kept in an unhealthy 
and bad condition, or such stables and pastures are not properly cleaned and kept so, 
then they shall so notify, verbally or in writing, the owner or keeper of such cows, 
stables, and pastures and also the persons who sell or offer for sale the milk or cream 
therefrom in the city. And if any such owner, keeper, or person shall not at once 
cease to milk any cow in an unhealthy and bad condition, or shall refuse or neglect 
to at once proceed to clean such stables and pastures, the milk therefrom shall not 
be sold or offered for sale in the city until every objection thereto is abated and 
removed and kept so. Every person violating any provision in this section con- 
tained shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be punished 
by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $500. 



180 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Rocliester, N. Y. 

Ordinance Section Regulating the Number of Cows to be Kept in the City. 

Section 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall keep or allow to be kept in any 
building or on any grounds or premises of which such person, firm, or corporation 
shall be the owner, lessee, or occupant, when such buildings, grounds, or premises are 
situated within the built-up portion of the city of Rochester, more cows than 1 to a 
city lot of 33 feet by 150 feet, or space equal thereto, and no person, firm, or corpo- 
ration shall keep or allow to be kept in any building or on any premises, of which 
such person, firm, or corporation shall be the owner, lessee, or occupant, where such 
buildings or premises are situated in the outlying portions of the city, and where 
such premises are not subdivided into city lots or actually occupied as such, more 
than 15 cows to each acre of land owned or occupied by such person, firm, or corpo- 
ration, without a permit from this department. Every permit issued under this 
ordinance shall be subject to the jules, regulations, or ordinances of this depart- 
ment and may be revoked at pleasure of the department. 

San Francisco, Cal. 

Ordinance Section Concerning Carrying Swill on Milk Delivery' Vehicles. 

Sec. 9. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firm, or corporation to have 
or carry on any wagon or vehicle upon or from which milk or cream is being or is 
brought, carried, stored, deposited, sold, exchanged, delivered, or distributed or 
offered or exposed for sale or distribution as food for any human being, any swill, 
garbage, refuse, or any decaying or fermenting, putrefying, foul, unwholesome, nox- 
ious, or filthy matter, or any cans or receptacles containing any material or substance 
with which cream or milk might be diluted, adulterated, or rendered impure, 
unwholesome, or unhealthy. 

Denver, Colo. 

Ordinance Section Regarding Notice of Use of Watered Milk. 

Sec. 489. All pure milk shall be deemed to contain 12 per cent of milk solids, and 
any hotel, boarding house, or restaurant furnishing milk to their boarders, guests, 
or customers, or any of them, containing a less quantity of milk solids than 12 per 
cent, or a greater quantity of water than 88 per cent, shall cause to be posted and 
kept in a conspicuous place in the dining room where such milk is furnished for ^se 
a card with the words "Watered Milk" plainly printed thereon in large letters not 
less than 3 inches in length, so that the same may be plainly read from all parts of 
the room. 

Maiden, Mass. 

Ordinance Section Requiring the Publication of Names of Violators. 

Sec 5. The inspector shall cause the name and place of business of every person 
convicted of selling adultered milk or vinegar, or of having the same in his posses- 
sion with intent to sell, to be published m two newspapers in the city or county. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 181 



APPENDIX II. 

The following is a copy of instructions sent out by an enterprising Boston milk 
contractor to the dairymen from whom his milk is obtained. Such an effort on the 
part of milk dealers to induce the observance of proper methods in the production 
and handling of milk is most commendable. Numerous dealers throughout the 
country have adopted the same plan, using short original circulars similar to this 
one. In some cases, upon special request, the United States Department of Agricul- 
ture has mailed appropriate Farmers' Bulletins to list of names of milk producers 
furnished for this purpose by those who are receiving and selling milk in cities. 

Suggestions and Rules tor Dairyjien Supplying Milk for Boston, Mass. 

Recent investigations of our milk supply have shown us the need of greater care 
on the j)art of the dairymen in the production of a cleaner and more sanitary milk. 
The following suggestions are .those most necessary, and we earnestly hope will be 
carried out by you: 

A. WHITEWASHING COW STABLES OR " TIE-UPS." 

Whitewash acts as a mild antiseptic and adds greatly to the general cleanliness 
and healthfulness of the stable. It should be applied both fall and spring, and it is 
thought by the associated boards of health of Massachusetts that it should be 
required of all dairymen. It is gratifying to note that when whitewashing has been 
done in this way the farmers are very much pleased with the result. 

B. ENSILAGE. 

While ensilage is a very good food when fed in moderate quantities, there is a great 
tendency to feed too much of it and in that way injure the quality and flavor of the 
milk. It may be fed to the extent of one-half bushel per cow once a day directly 
after milking without injury to the milk. 

Silos in the barn are unsanitary and fill the air with a very disagreeable odor. 
This is breathed by the cows, and is also absorbed by the milk, in that way injuring 
it permanently. 

C. MILKING AND CARE OP MILK. 

We call special attention to the fact that the cow's udder should be thoroughly 
cleansed by rubbing with a damp cloth previous to milking, as any loose dirt falling 
into the pail causes the milk to spoil quickly, even though it is strained out imme- 
diately afterwards, as half of it dissolves in the milk, and therefore can not be 
removed by straining. The milker's hands should also be washed and dried just 
previous to milking, and should never be wet with the milk, as is the custom at 
present in some dairies. Milk will keep better if the first teaspoonful or two from 
each teat be milked on the floor or otherwise rejected, as this milk always contains 
the germs that cause quick souring. If we could imagine a portion of the milk 
removed directly from the cow's udder into an absolutely clean can, and covered 
with absolutely clean cotton batting one-fourth inch thick or more, this milk not 
having come in contact with the dust of the air or dairy utensils, it would keep in 
this way in perfect condition for weeks. Milk should be removed from the cow 
stable as soon as drawn, and should then be strained preferably through clean flan- 
nel and cooled as soon as possible to 40° F. and held at that temperature, covered 
with a clean cloth until collected. 

We again call attention to the fact that milk must be artificially cooled in winter 



182 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 

as well as summer by placing the cans in cold water. Metal strainers soldered into 
the pail are objectionable, as it is almost impossible to keep them clean. Flannel 
for straining should be wrung out of hot water just before using. 

D. PAILS, CANS, AND STOPPLES. 

We have found that, while a dairy in general may be clean and care taken with 
the milk, the latter sometimes fails to keep well. We have traced this trouble to 
pails, cans, and stopples. Milk pails should have all seams filled up flush with 
solder and .should be thoroughly scalded, washed in strong suds both morning and 
night, and kept inverted until used for milking. Cans must be cleaned with boiling 
sal soda solution and rinsed with clean boiling water. Rinsing water from one can 
must not be used in rinsing another. If means are at hand they had also better be 
thoroughly steamed for ten minutes. This may be done by putting a quart of clean 
water in the can and placing on the stove to boil. Do not attempt to wipe out the 
cans or pails, but let them dry in an inverted position. Wooden stopples should be 
boiled in sal soda or soap powder solution for fifteen minutes and then rinsed 
thoroughly. 

E. INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 

Any disease of an infectious or contagious nature (typhoid fever, scarlet fever, 
diphtheria, etc.), whether of the person handling the milk or in his family, must be 
reported to us at once, as several cases have occurred in Somerville, Cambridge, and 
East Boston, where neglect to do this has resulted disastrously to the dealers. 
Keep this for future reference. 



APPENDIX III. 

The following is a copy of an agreement made between the Medical Milk Com- 
mission of Essex County, N. J., and the party supplying milk according to its 
requirements and receiving its indorsement (names of persons being here omitted): 

Copy of the Agreement between the Medical Milk Commission of Essex 
County, N. J., and , Caldwell, N. J. 

[Dated May 19, 1S93.] 

The following agreement, made this 19th day of May, 1893, between .., 

parties of the first part, and , New Jersey, party of the second part, 

wit"^ esseth as follows: That the party of the second part doth hereby bind himself 
to a fulfillment of the provisions of this contract for and in consideration of the 
benefits hereinafter named by the parties of the first part. 

Furthermore the following-named persons, , New Jersey, all acquaint- 
ances of the party of the second part, hereby affix their signatures to this agreement, • 
attest to the honor of the party of the second part, and become sureties for the exe- 
cution of this agreement. 

(1) The party of the second part doth hereby agree to conduct such parts of his 
dairy as may be hereinafter named, collect, and handle its products in conformity 
with the following code of requirements, for and in consideration of the promised 
indorsement of the parties of the first part, as hereinafter indicated. The milk thus 
produced shall be known as certified milk, shall be designed especially for clinical 
purposes, and when at any time the demand shall be greater than the supply, and 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 183 

is required by a physician, either for infant feeding or the diet of the sick, it is hereby 
agreed that such shall be the preferred purchaser. 

(2) The party of the second part further agrees to pay for chemical and bacterio- 
logical examinations of the aforesaid certified milk at such times as in the judgment 
of the parties of the first part is desirable. 

(3) He also agrees to defray the cost of a bimonthly inspection of his dairy stock 
or oftener, if necessary, by a competent and approved veterinarian, all of which per- 
sons — namely, the chemist, the bacteriologist, the veterinary surgeon — shall be chosen 
by the parties of the first part, to whom they shall render their reports in writing. 

(4) It is expressly understood and agreed that the party of the second part shall 
not pay more than the sum of $500 in any one year for the services of chemist, bacte- 
riologist, and veterinary surgeon, and the party of the first part shall limit the exj^ense 
of such service to that amoimt. It is furthermore agreed that the party of the second 
part, on receipt of a certified copy of the reports of the experts, shall mail to the per- 
sons indicated by the parties of the first part, and not to others, a duplicate printed 
copy of the foresaid reports, bearing the signatures of the experts and the names of 
the physicians. The same to.be issued at such intervals as in the judgment of the 
parties of the first part is desirable; also that the necessary expenditures for printing 
and circulation be met in the same way as herein provided for expert examinations. 

LOCATION OF LANDS. 

(5) It is hereby understood and agreed that the lands used by the owners, agents, 
or assigns of the dairy conducted by the party of the second part, and employed for 
pasturage, or any lands that may hereafter be acquired for such purposes, or such 
lands as may be used for the cultivation of hay or fodder, shall be subject to the 
approval of the parties of the first part. 

BUILDINGS. 

(6) It is also understood and agreed that the buildings, such as stables, creamery, 
dairy house, and spring house, shall be constructed after the most approved style of 
architecture, in so far as construction may affect the health of the dairy stock or the 
character and conditions of the milk. 

(7) That the buildings used for the housing of the animals shall be situated on 
elevated ground and capable of being properly drained. 

(8) Said buildings to be sheltei'ed from cold winds, lighted, and ventilated accord- 
ing to approved hygienic methods. The buildings shall be constructed so as to favor 
the prompt and easy removal of waste products. 

(9) The apartments used for the storage of either feed or fodder shall be removed 
from possible contamination by stable waste or animal odors. 

(10) All buildings shall, in addition to healthy location, approved construction, 
and proper ventilation, be kept free from animal or vegetable matter in a state or 
process of decomposition or decay, and always free from accumulations of dust or 
mold. 

THE WATER SUPPLY. 

(11) The dairy shall be supplied with an abundance of jxire water. 

(12) No water from shallow wells or springs holding surface drainage shall be used 
for watering stock, cooling milk, or cleaning vessels. 

(13) Nor shall any well or spring be located within 300 feet of the stable. 

SURROUNDINGS. 

(14) It is further understood and agreed that the immediate surroundings of the 
buildings shall be kept in a condition of cleanliness and order. There shall not be 



184 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

allowed to accumulate in the vicinity any loose dirt, rubbiwh, or decayed vegetable 
or animal matter or animal waste. 

(15) Nor shall there be within 300 yards of any building any constantly wet or 
marshy ground or stagnant pools of water. 

(16) Nor shall there be kept within 300 yards of any building used for dairy 
purposes any fowl, hogs, horses, or other live stock. 

(17) It is hereby understood and agreed that the following unhealthy conditions 
shall be a sufficient reason to exclude any animal from the herd used for any purpose 
in the aforesaid dairy: Any animal that is judged by a competent observer to suffer 
from tuberculosis, even though the disease be localized in a part distant from the 
vital organs. 

(18) Any animal with fever. Any animal suffering from septic absorption or 
other disease following or associated with parturition. 

(19) Any animal suffering either from mammitis or mammary abscess. 

(20) Any animal with persistent diarrhea or any other abnormal physical condi- 
tion which could in any way be detrimental to the character of the milk. 

(21) It is furthermore agreed that when an animal shall be found by a competent 
observer to be in a state of ill health, prejudicial either to the other animals in the 
herd or to human health, the same shall be removed immediately, and if necessary 
shall be killed. 

(22) It is also understood and agreed that the party of the second part shall exclude 
from the herd used for producing certified milk, immediately after discovery, any 
animal subject to the following conditions: Any animal that was bred through 
consanguinity within a i^eriod of three generations. 

(23) And from this time forth any animal of those bred by the party of the second 
part, used for producing certified milk, that was not, as a heifer, kept sterile during 
its first twenty-seven months. 

(24) Any phenomenal milker, except that glandular disease or tuberculosis has 
first been excluded by a competent observer. 

(25) It is furthermore agreed that if at any time it is desired by the parties of 
the first part that a different breed of milch cows should be substituted for the one 
in use, in order that the standards of quality in the milk may be raised, the party of 
the second part will endeavor to carry the same into effect. 

HOUSING AND CARE. 

(26) It is furthermore agreed that the dairy stock employed in the production of 
certified milk shall be properly sheltered from the influence of weather and climate 
prejudicial to their health; also that the animals shall be kept clean, groomed every 
day, and treated kindly at all times. 

(27) The waste products of the stable shall be removed so frequently, and the 
stable floor so thoroughly cleaned, that the same shall be as free as possible from 
animal odors. 

(28) It is also agreed that no milch cow shall be used for dairy purposes while in 
a state of excitement, either as a result, or during the period of, estrux, or which 
has been made nervous either by beating, whipping, kicking, prodding, or running. 



(29) It is hereby understood and agreed that the methods of feeding the cows fur- 
nishing the certified milk shall be subject to the approval of the parties of the first 
part. The feed and fodder shall consist only of nutritious and wholesome materials, 
such as grass, clover and timothy hay, whole grain, or the entire result of the grist. 
No materials shall be employed which are or may become injurious to the health of 
the animals. There shall not be fed at any time or in any quantity, either alone or 
mixed with other feed or fodder, hulls, screenings, wet or dry brewers' grains, oil 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 185 

cake, sour ensilage, the refuse from distilleries, glucose of starch factories, any waste 
by-product in the treatment of grain, low marsh grass, or any of the questionable or 
exhausted feeds or fodders employed either to increase the milking capacity of the 
animal, or that will produce an impoverished milk, or that will in^part to it unnat- 
ural odors or flavors. Nor shall the cows be allowed to eat green or worm-eaten 
fruit, poisonous weeds, or to drink poisonous or stagnant water. 

COLLECTING AND HANDLING. 

(30) It is furthermore understood and agreed that the cows from which is obtained 
certified milk shall be milked only in a clean building, and not in an illy ventilated 
stable containing foul odors and bad air. 

(31) No animal furnishing certified milk shall be milked until the udder shall first 
have been cleaned in a manner approved by the parties of the first part. 

(32) No person shall be allowed to draw the milk that has not, within fifteen min- 
utes of the milking, first washed his or her hands, using soap and nail brush, and 
afterwards thoroughly rinsing the hands in clean water. 

(33) The person or persons engaged in milking shall also be dressed in clean over- 
clothes. 

(34) No person shall be allowed to draw the milk who has been engaged with the 
care of horses in the same clothing or without first washing his hands. 

(35) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that is not received from the 
udder into vessels, and from these into cooling cans, both of which are perfectly 
clean and dry, having been cleansed and heated at a temperature adequate to effect 
complete sterilization since the last milking and have been kept inverted in a clean, 
dry, and odorless atmosphere. 

(36) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has not been passed 
through a sieve of wire or other cloth, either while milking or immediately there- 
after, having not less than 100 meshes to the linear inch. 

(37) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that does not consist of the 
entire contents of the udder at each milking, including the foremilk, middlings, and 
strippings. 

(38) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has been drawn from the 
animal at abnormal hours, such as midnight or noon, nor from any animal for a 
period of nine weeks before calving, or that has not been separated for nine days 
after parturition. 

(39) No milk shall be represented as certified milk which has been exposed to the 
emanation or infection of any form of communicable disease, either in the person or 
persons handling the milk or by accidental contamination in cleaning milk con- 
tainers, or by the association of any person engaged in handling the milk, with per- 
son or persons sick of contagious disease. 

PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT. 

(40) It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk represented as certified milk 
shall receive every known detail of care that will promote its keeping qualities and 
favor its safe transportation. 

(41) That the milk on being drawn from the cow shall be treated by ice or clean, 
cold water in motion, and proper aeration, in order, first, to remove its animal heat, 
and, second, to reduce its temperature to a point not above 50° nor below 40° F.; 
said temperature to be acquired within forty-five minutes after milking and main- 
tained within the above limits while held for shipment, during its transportation, 
and until it is delivered to the purchaser. 

(42) That the cooling of the milk shall not be conducted in the same l>uilding in 
which it is drawn, nor in an atmosphere containing dust or tainted with animal odors. 



186 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

(43) That all the foregoing provisions concerning the cleansing and condition of 
vessels or utensils shall be complied with in the said cooling process. 

(44) It is fui'thermore agreed that no milk shall be represented as certified milk 
that has been changed or reduced in any way by the addition of water or any solid 
or liquid substance in or out of solution, or the subtraction or removal, in any man- 
ner, of any part thereof. 

(45) It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk to be represented as certified 
milk shall be packed in flint glass quart jars immediately after it is cooled. 

(46) Said jars to be of a pattern approved by the parties of the first jDart. 

(47) It is furthermore agreed that the bottles or jars, before being used, shall be 
cleaned by hand, separately, with the aid of hot water, alkaline soaps, rotating brush 
and steam, and that they shall be rinsed in two separate baths of clean, hot M'ater 
and then thoroughly dried and kept inverted until used, without covers, in a clean 
dry atmosphere free from odors. 

(48) It is agreed that the jars shall be filled by a method approved by the parties 
of the first part. 

(49) That they shall be sealed, after all air has been excluded, by the most approved 
device for closing them. 

(50) The bottles after being tilled shall be labeled across the cap, bearing the 
words " Certified milk," with the name of the dairyman, together with the date of 
milking. 

(51) It is furthermore agreed that no milk shall be sold as certified milk that is 
more than three hours old when bottled nor more than twenty-four hours old when 
delivered. 

TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY. 

(52) It is hereby understood and agreed that the transportation and distribution 
of all milk represented as certified milk shall be conducted by the party of the sec- 
ond part, either in person or by persons employed by him. 

(53) That in transit the milk shall not be exposed to any of the foregoing prohib- 
itory conditions. 

(54) That it shall not be subjected to agitation. 

(55) That it shall not be exposed to the heat of the sun. 

(56) That the delivery wagons shall be so constructed that the required tempera- 
ture of the milk may be maintained during transit. 

(57) That before the wagons are filled for shipment the body, the trays, and com- 
partments shall be flushed with boiling water. 

(58) It is furthermore agreed that the distributing agents shall, during the transfer 
of the milk from the dairy to the purchaser, be subject to the following restric- 
tions, namely, that they shall use no tobacco. 

(59) That they shall take no intoxicating drinks. 

(60) That they shall not collect the empty containers, nor receive money or milk 
checks from houses in which an infectious or contagious disease is known to exist. 

(61 ) It is also hereby agreed that the collection of empty bottles from places where 
infectious or contagious disease is known to exist shall be made by other persons 
than those employed to deliver the milk. 

(62) That these collections be made with wagons not employed in the distribution 
of the milk. 

(63) That before these empty bottles shall be returned to the dairy they shall be 
carried to a separate building and first be subjected to the process of cleaning bottles 
indicated in a former clause of this contract. 

(64) It is hereby understood and agreed that if any further precautions or changes 
in method calculated to improve the quality of milk or guard the same from impuri- 
ties or dangers is desired, that the party of the second part will cheerfully be gov- 



MILK StJPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 187 

emed by such additional rules and regulations as may be laid down by the parties of 
the first part. 

(65) It is understood and agreed by the party of the second part, the same bind- 
ing the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that the product known as 
certified milk shall be under the following restrictions in its sale, namely: That until 
the amount required within the boundaries of Essex County shall first be supplied, 
it shall not be sold beyond these limits, except that the parties of the first part shall 
give their consent. 

(66) It is furthermore agreed by the party of the second part, the same binding 
the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that in the event of a failure to 
comply with any or all of the requirements of the foregoing contract, the party of 
the first part shall reserve the right to withdraw from the contract and publish the 
fact in such manner as they deem best. 

(67) Finally, it is understood and agreed that nothing in this contract shall pre- 
vent the abrogation of any of the provisions of the same by the parties of the first 
part, provided that it shall be done for the purpose of substituting other provisions 
designed to promote the objeots of their organization. 

(68) It is further understood and agreed by and between the parties hereto that 
the party of the second part shall be at liberty to cancel this agreement by giving 
two months' notice in writing of his desire to do so, in case of inability for any rea- 
son to comply with the terms of the same. 

In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands the day and 
vear first above written. 



Parties of First Part. 



Party of Second Part. 



Sureties. 



At frequent intervals reports upon the conditions of the dairy and 
qualit}^ of the milk are rendered to the commission by experts 
appointed for this purpose. 



APPENDIX IV. 

Following are cojiies of blank forms used in the supervision of market milk. For 
brief discussion of them see page 22. A suitable space for the answer to each ques- 
tion is always provided, but in the longer forms the spaces are here shortened. 



188 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 

■ Form for application for milk license, Cambridge, Mass. 

City of Cambridge. Office of Inspector op Milk, City Hall. 

Application for Milk License. 

Date of application Present license No 

Name (if a firm, give firm name and also individual members' names in full): 

Address : 

No. of teams: Driver. Eesidence. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

No. of cans of milk sold per day in Cambridge | Jeta/r^^^' 

Cream, quarts, Skimmed milk, cans, 

Source of milk (if from a contractor, give name of contractor; if from farms, give 
the town or towns where they are located ; if from your own farm, give location of 
dairy and number of cows kept. ) 

Signature of applicant : 

Form, for application for milk license, Chicago, 111. 

Department of Health, City of Chicago. Division op Milk Inspection. 

Application for Milk License. 

STORE license. 

,189.. 

Name, Location of business place or places, Number of wagons, 

Number of cows, Description of wagon or wagons (number, inscrip- 
tion, and color), 

Your attention is called to the section of the milk ordinance relating to applica- 
tions for milk licenses: 

"Sec 17. (License, issue of, application for.) Licenses shall be issued in the names 
of the applicants therefor. Before the issuance of the license every vendor of milk 
or cream shall make written application therefor on a printed form provided for that . 
purpose, on which shall be stated: 

' ' First. The name, residence, and location of the business place or places of the appli- 
cant. 

"Second. The number of cows, if any, owned or controlled by the applicant. 

"Third. The number and description of each and every wagon, carriage, or other 
vehicle used in the milk or cream business. 

"Fourth. If, after the issuance and delivery of the license, any change be made in 
the location of the place of business of such licensee, notice thereof must forthwith 
be given to the chief of milk inspection." 

Signed: 

To the City Collector: 

The above application is ap})roved and issue of license is hereby recommended. 

, Co))imissloner of -Health. 

License No 

Note. — The form used in applying for wagon license is the same in all respects, 
except it is a different color. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 189 

Form for application for milk license, Erie, Pa. 

Application fob Milk License. 

Board of Health, 

Erie, Pa., , 

I hereby make application for permission to sell milk in the city of Erie, from 

a , subject to your rules and regulations. 

The dairies from which I obtain milk are located in township, and are 

owned by There are no injured or diseased cattle in the herd or herds from 

which said milk is obtained; and there are no cases of typhoid fever, consumption, 
diphtheria, scarlatina, or other contagious or infectious diseases in my house, family, 
or among my employees or in the house, family, or among the employees of the 
owner of said dairy or dairies. In case of the appearance of any of the above-men- 
tioned diseases I will immediately make report thereof to the board of health. 

Name : 

Residence: 

Sworn and subscribed before me this day of , 

, Secretary Board of Health. 

Form for application for inspection, Meadville, Pa. 

Application for Inspection. 

To , 

Inspector of Food and Milk for the Citij of Meadville, Pa.: 

Desiring to sell milk to the citizens of Meadville, Pa., I make application to you 
to inspect my cattle and appointments for the supply of milk, under the rules and 
regulations of the board of health of said city, and I hereby agree to observe strictly 
the following regulations regarding the milk which 1 supply to all my customers: 

No milk shall be delivered — 

(1) From cows that are unhealthy; from cows receiving any kind of medicine; 
from cows with inflamed udder or with udder or any part thereof in an abnormal 
condition from any cause; from cows while in heat, unless such cows are kept from 
the rest of the herd during that time; from cows within 60 days before or six days 
after calving. 

(2) From cows that are fed partially or wholly on turnips, cabbage, ensilage, 
brewery, or distillery malt, rancid foods, or any other kind of food that would 
deteriorate or taint the quality of the milk; from cows supplied with bad or impure 
drinking water. 

(3) Nor shall any milk be delivered which has been drawn from the cow more 
than fifteen hours, nor from which any part of the cream has been removed, or 
from which strippings have been kept back; nor will I sell during the summer any 
milk which was milked prior to 5 o'clock in the afternoon, nor milk which differs 
in any way from fresh, sound, pure, unadulterated cow's milk. 

(4) I also agree that I will not furnish milk from any cows unless they have been 
inspected by milk inspector for Meadville board of health, and that my cows are to 
be milked in the cleanest possible manner, without moistening the teats; that 
milkers' hands shall be kept clean, and udders wiped with a clean damp cloth just 
before milking. 1 also agree that all my milkers shall wear a clean outer garment, 
to be used for no other purpose than for milking, and to be worn at each milking. 

I agree to remove each cow's milk immediately after milking from the stable and 
to strain, cool, and aerate all of my milk until the temperature is reduced to 58° F. 
in less than 45 minutes by placing the cans in a tub or vat, said tub or vat to hold 



190 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

three times as much water as the quantity of milk to be cooled, water in said tub or 
vat to be renewed daily. 

I agree that special care shall be taken to remove daily all manure from the stables 
and anything of a foul or unclean nature, and to keep my stables clean, and white- 
wash the same each fall and spring every year. 

I agree to keep my cow yards reasonably free from mud or manure, and that I will 
not stack manure against my cow stables at any time. 

I agree should any member of my family or employee become sick with any con- 
tagious disease that I will immediately notify the health officer and milk inspector 
of the Meadville board of health. 

I agree to notifj^ the milk inspector of any dwelling placarded for contagious 
disease, if said building is occupied by persons to whom I sell milk. 

I also agree that the Meadville board of health, or any member thereof, or any 
person in the employ of said board, shall have the right to visit at any time my 
premises for the purpose of inspecting the cows, stables, milk house, food and water 
supply, and take samples of milk at any time from my dairy or on my route, in 
order to see that the foregoing rules are observed. 

Having read the above, I hereby agree to all the provisions contained therein and 
hereby agree that the Meadville board of health may revoke my i^ermit for non- 
compliance of said provisions at any time. 

Signed : , 

19... 



Form for application for milk license, Iowa. 

City Milk Dealer's Report for Year Ending July 4, 1901. 

The law requires that the permit be taken out before selling milk or cream. Any 
one selling milk without having the permit is subject to the penalties named in the 
law. See below. This department will not hold itself under obligations to send 
further notice, and action will begun at the discretion of the dairy commissioner 
after the 4th day of July, 1901, without further notice. 

READ THE LAW. 

Sec. 2525. Permits. — Any person or corporation who shall sell milk or cream from 
a wagon, depot, or store, or sell or deliver milk or cream to a hotel or restaurant or 
boarding house, or any public place in any such city, shall be considered a city milk 
dealer. No such city milk dealer shall sell milk or cream from a wagon, depot, or 
store in any such city without a written permit from the commissioner for each 
wagon, depot, or store operated by him, for which he shall pay annually one dol- 
lar. All permits shall expire on the fourth day of July of each year, and no per- 
mits shall be issued for less than one dollar. 

Sec. 2527. Penalties. — Whoever shall violate any provisions of this chapter shall be 
punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the 
county jail not exceeding six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, at the 
discretion of the court. 

Name of dealer, firm, or company. (Please write all names and addresses 
plainly.) 

City, Street and number or P. O. box, 

Do you sell whole milk? Cream? Skimmed milk? 

How many months in the year do you conduct your business? 

How many families, hotels, etc., do you suppl)'? Private families, - Hotels, 

Restaurants and lunch counters, Boarding houses, Ice-cream 

parlors and soda fountains, 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 191 

State average number of gallons milk sold per mouth gallons. 

State average number of gallons cream sold per month gallons. 

State average number of gallons skimmed milk sold per month gallons. 

Is the milk and cream which you sell delivered to you? If so, give name 

of person from whom you receive the same Is he a retailer of milk? 

If you produce your own milk, state average number of cows in your herd 

State number of Jerseys Grade Jerseys 

Number of Holsteins Grade Holsteins 

Number of Shorthorns Grade Shorthorns 

Number of Eed Polled Grade Red Polled 

Number of cows of other breeds or common stock 

What is the number of persons employed in your dairy business? 

Do you wholesale milk to others? If so, give the names of all to whom 

you sell milk or cream 

Name, Street or P. 0. address, 

Name, Street or P. O. address, 

Name, Street or P. O. address, 

Name, Street or P. O. address, 

APPLICATION FOR PERMIT. 

Note. — When more than one Avagon, dei^ot, or store is operated, each should be 
numbered from one up to the number used. 

1901. 

, State Dairy Commissioner, Des Moines, Iowa: 

hereby make application for permit., to sell milk in the city of 

, Iowa, for the year ending July 4, 1902. The following is a memoranda of 

each depot, store, or wagon under the management of the undersigned : 

street. i Wagon No. 2 starts from No street. 

Store or shop located at No street. Wagon No. 3 starts from No street. 

Wagon No. 1 starts from No street. I Wagon No. 4 starts from No street. 

Herewith find inclosed a draft, postal money order, or express money order to the 
amount of dollars, for which please forward the number of permits enumer- 
ated above. 

Signature: 

Note. — In all cases |1 must accompany the application. This department will 
not assume or recognize any loss arising from remittances by cash or postage stamps. 
All permits expire July 4 of each year. 

Form to accompany application for milk license, Haverhill, Mass. 
City of Haverhill, Office of Inspector of Milk. 

To the Milk Dealers of Haverhill: 

Owing to the insanitary manner in which a great number of milk cows are kept 
and cared for, and the unwholesome and careless methods of some producers in 
obtaining and caring for milk at the time of milking and immediately thereafter, it 
becomes the duty of the inspector of milk to hereby notify you that all applicants 
for milk licenses to sell milk within the limits of the city of Haverhill for the year 
beginning May 1, 1900, are requested to have the producer from whom such milk is 
obtained fill out the following form: 

Producer's name To what dealer do you sell your milk? How many 

cows in your possession? Have they been inspected within the last six months? 



192 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

By whom? Give length of stable Give width of stable 

Give width from manger or "tie ups" to wall behind animals Give average 

height from floor to ceiling Number of windows facing north not obstructed 

Size Number of windows facing south not obstructed Size 

Number of windows facing east not obstructed Size Number 

of windows facing west not obstructed Size Is the stable open or 

closed in front of animals? Is the stable well lighted? Is the stable in 

Ijasement or cellar? When is the stable cleaned? What is done with 

the manui'e? Is there a cellar under barn? Is the cellar open or closed? 

Does the air in the stable seem good? or is it heavy or bad smelling? 

How is the stock watered? If from well, give its location in regard to barn 

cellar, manure yard, sink drain, privy vault, cesspool, or other source of possible con- 
tamination When is stock cleaned? What do you bed your milk cows 

on? Are they milked by clean and healthy attendants? Do you mix 

the milk from all your cows? How and where do you mix your milk? 

Are any of your cows sick or diseased at the present time? 

Form for application to sell milk, New York City, N. Y. 

38 G, 1899. 

No 

Borough of Manhattan. 

Application (Store) No. 1. 

To THE Board of Health of the Department of Health op the City of New York: 
The undersigned hereby applies for a permit to sell fresh and condensed milk in 
the city of New York, and makes the following statement in accordance with the 
laws, rules, and regulations of the board of health of the department of health of 
the city of New York: 

FRESH MILK. 

Name, Business, Location, Quarts sold per day 

From whom purchased « Location, Time of delivery, Marks 

on can, 

CONDENSED MILK. 

From whom purchased," Location, Quarts sold per day, 

Time of delivery, Where is fresh or condensed milk kept during sale? 

How is ice box connected with sewer? Where located, 

Signed, 

Address 

Dated New York ....... 189.. 

This form to accompany preceding- blank when applicable, New York City, 

N. Y. 



Form 123 C— 1896. 

No 



Special Information Blank No. 3. 



Milk i^urchased or obtained from farmer, milk agent, creamery, condensary, or 
from farm belonging to applicant. 

Name of milk agent, Residence, Name of farmer, owner of cream- 
ery or condensary, Town, County, . . State, Shipping 

« If purchased or obtained from farmer, milk agent, creamery, condensary, or from 
farm belonging to applicant, fill in special information blank No. 3. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 198 

station,, Railroad, County, State, No. of cans per 

day, ^larks on cans, Time shipped, What milking shipped, 

Time in transit, No. of cows, Breed, Condition, 

Food, Housing, If in the city, Permit No Water 

supply for cows and where obtained, 

Signed, 

Add ress, 

Dated New York, , 189. . 

Form for application to bring milk into the District of Columbia. 

Health Department, Distkict op Coiatmbia, 

Washhigiori, , 

Sir: The act to regulate the sale of milk iu tlie District of Columbia provides that 
"no person shall bring or send into the District of Columbia for sale any milk with- 
out a permit so to do from thp health officer of said District, and that such permits 
shall be issued subject to the following conditions: 

That none but pure and unadulterated milk shall l)e, with knowledge of its impu- 
rity, brought into said District. 

That in the management of the dairy farm upon which the milk is produced, or of 
the dairy at which the milk is collected and stored prior to shipment, the applicant 
shall be governed by the regulatif)ns of the health office of the District of Columbia, 
approved by the Commissioners of said District, issued for dairies and dairy farms in 
said District, when said regulations do not conflict with the law of the State in which 
said dairy or dairy farm is located. 

The said dairy or dairy farm may be inspected at any time without notice by the 
health officer of the District of Columbia or his duly appointed representatives. 

The veterinarian' s certificate must be from one irJio /i«.s regularJij (jraduatecl from a veter- 
inary medical college, or irho practiceH under a license from a State examining hoard. If 
unable to secure the ser rices of such, so state on your application blank, and all other condi- 
tions being satisfactory, action mil be suspended until this requirement is met, thus enabling 
you to send or bring milh into the District without violation of existing law. 

If you desire to bring or send milk into the District of Columbia for sale, please 
fill out and sign the application below and forward it to the health officer without 
delay. Permits will be issued, without cost, as soon as possi])le after the receipt of 
the application. 

The application for and acceptance of a permit necessarily carries with it the accept- 
ance of the conditions specified above. A copy of the regulations referred to is 
inclosed herewith. 

Respectfully, Wm. C. A\'oc)1)\vakd, M. D., 

IleaWi Officer. 

To 



Application for Permit to Send or Bring Milk into the District of Coli'mbia. 

To the Health Officer, D. C. 

Sir: In compliance with "An act to regulate the sale of milk iu the District of 
Columbia, and for other purposes," I hereby make application for a permit to send 

or bring milk into said District, from the premises described below, located 

Number of shipments per day, . . Total number of gallons, whole milk, 

skimmed milk, cream. Shipped in wagon, ; boat, ; B. and O. R. R., 

; B. and P. R. R , Time of delivery, Place of delivery, 

Consigned to 

ii583y— No. 46—08 13 



194 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 

Di.3CRiPTioN OF Premises. 

BUILDING. 

Brick, Frame, stories high. Condition, Is any 

part of it used for any other than dairy purposes? If so, specify, in the space 

for remarks, what parts of it are so used, and the purposes for which used. 

Room for caUle. — Size, long, wide, high. Floor, kind, ; 

condition, Is it properly sloped and guttered? "What disposition 

is made of the drainage? Ventilation and lighting. How accomplished? 

Windows. How many? Location, Size, Are 

windows glazed? Ventilators. How many? Kind, Loca- 
tion, Size, Doors. How many? Location, Stalls. 

Where located? How many? Size of each? wide, 

long, wide, long. Are animals of any kind other than cattle kept in 

this room? If so, specify how many and what kind 

Feeding troughs or boxes. — How many? Kind, Location, 

Condition, 

Water troughs. — How many? Kind, Location, Condition, 

If water troughs are not used, how are cattle watered? . . 

Source of water supply. — If from well, state location Appr(.)ximate depth 

feet, and construction Location of well with reference to nearest 

privy. State distance and slope of ground Location of well with reference to 

place where dung is deposited. State distance and slope of ground Has 

water any jjerceptible odor, color, or taste? . . If so, describe 

Receptacles for dung and other refuse. — How many? Kind Location 

Condition 

Receptacles for mill: — How many? Kind Condition AVhat 

provision is made for cleaning? Is milk cooled immediately after milking? 

If so, how? 

BARNYARD. 

Size long wide Is it properly graded? and drained? 

Is it paved? What disposition is made of the drainage? What 

is its condition as to cleanliness, at time of inspection? 



Size of Condition of Is it supplied with drinking water for the 

cattle? If so, from what source? 

CATTLE. 

How many milch cows are usually kept? How many other cattle, if any, 

are kept in the same stable? Kind of milch cows used Condition of 

cows at time of inspection. General condition Cleanliness, etc Char- 
acter of feed 

I'KIV Y ACCOMMODATIONS. 

How is human excreta from the jiremises disposed of? Location of privy, 

if any? Construction of privy 

Signature of apx)licant: 

Post-office address : 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 195 

The above covers three pages of a four-page circular. On the last page provision 
is made for the certificate of the veterinarian who has examined the herd and prem- 
ises described; also memoranda to appear on the outside fold when ready for filing. 
It is as follows: 

189 

To THE Health Officer, D. C. 

Sir: I have carefully examined the cattle upon the premises above referred to, and 

their condition is as follows : 

Signature : 

Address: 

Personally appeared before me this day of 189. , the subscriber, who, 

being duly sworn, deposes and says that he is a veterinary surgeon, practicing in 
accordance with the laws of the State in which he resides, and that he has per- 
sonally examined the cattle referred to In the above statement and knows them to 
be tlie same as are referred to in the application to which the certificate is appended, 
and that their condition is correctly described without evasion or concealment. 

Signature: 

Address : 

Forms containing all the above (piestions under "Description of ])remises" are 
used Vjy inspectors for reporting conditions found on their visits. 

Form for application to sell milk, Boston, Mass. 

Application for License to Sell Milk in the City of Boston during the Year 

ENDINC4 May 31, 1900. 

Name of applicant, Residence (street and number, town), Place of 

business, Number of wagons used in delivery of milk, Number of 

drivers employed, 



Names of drivers. 


Residences. 



























Section supplied, Amount <>f milk raised (quarts), Number of cows 

kept, (If any, fill out Form 3. ) Amount of milk bought (quarts), Of 

whom bought, Where delivered by him, Hour delivered, a. m. ; 

p. m. Where stored and handled after delivery, Whether mixed, 

handled, or stored where cows, horses, or other animals are kept, or where manure 
is stored, Whether mixed, handled, or stored in rooms used for domestic pur- 
poses or sleeping rooms, Location of milk room, How drained, 

Whether walls are tight and easily cleaned, Whether floor is tight and easily 

cleaned, Whether appliances are at hand for washing or sterilizing all uten- 
sils, Whether any water-closet, urinal, or privy is located in the room, 

Whether ice-])ox or refrigerator drained, and how, 

The above is a correct statement. 

Signature 

Witness 

Boston 

License issued 

Number of license ...... 



196 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Form for report upon dairy and herd inspection in North Dakota. 

State of North Dakota, 
Office of Assistant Dairy Commissioner, 

Official Dairy and Herd Inspection, 

Date, 

City, County, Location, Dairyman's name, 1*. O. 

address, No cows, No. license, Condition of cows (flesh), 

Condition of cows, sanitary, Condition of cows, apparent health, 

Condition of barn, Ventilation of barn, Condition of uten- 
sils, Kind of feed, Water, Where milk is kept, 

Method of delivery, Breed of cows, Tuberculin test, 

Remarks, 

, Inspector. 

Form for report upon inspection of dairies, Erie, Pa. 

Inspection of Dairy. 

Date, Owner, Residence, Name of tenant, Loca- 
tion of dairy, No. of wagons, Section of city supplied, Exam- 
ination of cows: No. clean, No. unclean, No. healthy, No. 

unhealthy, No. suspected, How fed in summer, How fed 

in winter, How watered, Disposition of at night, Stable; 

Material, size, how ventilated, drainage, No. of stalls, 

Disposition of manure: Temjiorary, permanent, Water sup- 
ply: Source, distance from house, from stable, .. . from privy, 

from manure pile, Milkers: No. male, No. female, No. 

healthy, No. unhealthy, Sickness in family, in neighborhood 

Milk: Where stored, how long, in what, how cooled, 

Remarks : 



Insjiector. 

Form for report upon inspection for dairies, Salt Lake City, Utah. 

Dairy and Milk Report. 

,189.. 1. Name of dairy, 2. Permit No 3. Location, 

4. Name of proprietor, 5. Post-office address, 0. Date of inspectioii, 

7. Average quantity of milk sold per day, 8. No. wagons, 

9. No. coM's, 10. Grade of cows, 11. No. acres of pasturage, 

12. Condition of cows, 13. Condition of milking utensils and how cleaned, 

14. General appearance of milkers and other employes, 15. Water 

supply, 16. General sanitary condition, 17. Quantity and kinds of 

food: Hay — alfalfa, pounds per day; mixed, i>ounds per day. Bran, 

pounds pel' day. Shorts, pounds per day. Malts, pounds 

per day. Grains, pounds per day. Beet pulp, pounds per day. 

18. Quality of milk, 19. Remarks 

, Meal (1 11(1 }[>Il: Iitsjicrtor. 

Form for reporting- conditions of dairies, Boston, Mass. 

Statement of con<liti<)iis under which cows are kept, and milk therefntiu storeil, on 

the premises of , at ( town ) , (State) , said milk being sui)plied 

by to , for sije in the c;ity of Boston, Mass. 



Milk supply of two hundred cities. 197 



Number of cows kept, ; approximate air space per cow, Whether 

cow stable is well lighted, Whether cow stable is well ventilated, 

How drained, Condition of lioor, Whether mannre is stored in cel- 
lar, If not in cellar, wliere stored? 

MILK ROOM. 

AVhether milk is cooled, mixed, or stored where cow\s" or other animals are kept, 

or where mannre is stored, Whether cooled, mixed, or stored in rooms 

used for domestic purposes or sleeping; rooms, Location of milk room, 

Whether walls are tight and easily cleaned, Whether floor is tight and easily 

cleaned, Whether appliances are at hand for w^ashing or sterilizing all uten- 
sils, AVhether any water-closet, urinal, or privy is located in the room, 

CONDITION OP cows. 

Date of last examination of cows, By whom examined, Number 

examined, Whether any cows were found to be diseased, Whether 

any cows have been added since; and if so, how many? Whether added 

cows were examined; and if so, when and by whom? 

SHIPMENT OF MILK. 

Amount of milk shipped, To whom shipped, How shipped, 

Marks on cans, 

The above is a correct statement. 

Signature, 

Address, 

Witness, 

Pate, 



Form for reporting conditions at dairies and methods of handling milk in 

New Jersey. 

Eecoru of Dairy Inspection. 

Board of Health of the State of New Jersey, 



1 . Name of dairyman, ( tenant — owner ) . 

2. Post-office, township, county, 

3. Location of dairy, 

STABLE. 

4. Size of stable, 

5. Cubic feet per cow, 

6. Stable well lighted? 

7. Material, construction, and drainage of floor, 

8. Method and frequency of cleaning, „ 

9. Was stable clean at time of inspection? 

10. Are side walls, ceilings, and ledges kept free from col^webs and dust? 

11. Ever lime Avashed? 

WATER SUPPLY. 

12. Sources of water supply for watering stock, 

13. Sources of water supply for washing cans, bottles, and utensils, 

14. Distance of well or spring from stable, 



198 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

15. Distance from manure pile, 

16. Distance from privy vault, 

17. Distance from other sources of contamination, 

18. Is well apparently liable to contamination? 

19. Was sample of water taken for analysis? 20. Marks, 



21. Number of cows, 22. Breed, 

23. State of health, 

24. Ever examined? 25. By whom? 

26. Date of last examination, 

27. Were cows in a cleanly condition at time of inspection? 

28. Amount, kind, and quality of feed used, 

29. Cows pastured? 

MANURE. 

30. How and where stored? 

31. How frequently removed? 

32. Quantity of manure at time of this inspection, 



UTENSILS. 

33. How washed and dried? 

34. Where are the utensils washed? 

35. Any appliance for sterilizing cans, pails, and dippers? 

36. Bottles — how washed and dried? 

COLLECTION OP MILK. 

37. Quantity of milk produced daily, 

38. Are milkers' hands washed before milking? 

39. Are clean garments put on? 

40. Udders of COWS cleaned? 41. How? 

42. When pail is full of milk what is done with it? 

43. Where does the can stand? 

44. Is can kept covered? 

45. Is milk cooled? 46. How? 

47. How long after milking? 

48. To what temperature? 

49. Is milk bottled? 

50. How long after cooling? 

51. Where is milk bottled? 

52. Where is milk stored? 

53. How long is milk stored before being shipped? 

54. Source of ice supply, 

55. If shipped, to whom, and where? 

DISTKIBUTION. 

56. Temperature of milk when delivered to customers, 

57. Quarts sold from cans, 

58. Quarts sold in bottles, 

59. Ever run short? 

60. If so, where is supply obtained? 

61. How many persons handle the milk? 

62. All in good health? 

63. Date of last sickness among persons on dairy premises, 

64. Diseases, ...... 

65. Remarks, .- 

, Inspector, 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 199 

Form for notice which must be sent to the inspector when cows are added 
to a dairy herd, Kansas City, Kans. 

To Milk Producers: 

Under the milk inspection ordinance it is made unlawful for anyone, after his dairy 
is inspected, to add any cows to his dairy, unless, within twenty-fours hours, he shall 
notify the inspector of such addition. In case you shall add any cows to your 
inspected dairy, please fill out the following statement and promptly send it to the 
inspector of licenses, weights, and measures, City Hall, Kansas City, Kans. : 

To THE Inspector of Licenses, Weights, and Measures: 

I have this day added cows to my dairy kept at , and I hereby declare 

the cows so added to said dairy are each and all in a healthy condition. 

Sign here 

1 )airy Inspection No 

Form for placing- in quarantine cows suspected of having" tuberculosis, 
North Attleboro, Mass. 

Form No. 3«. — '95. 

Order of Quarantine. 

[Section 7, Chapter 491, Aots of 1894.] 
ORIGINAL. 

[To be delivered to owner or person in charge.] 
4®°" To be used onlij for cows in milk suspected of being tuberculous. 

Town or city of , , 189.. 

To , ow'ner (or person in charge) : 

You are hereby notified that, by virtue of the powers and authority in me vested 

by law, I have caused to be isolated and placed in quarantine in upon your 

premises, to wit, the milch cow described as follows: under suspicion 

of having the disease known as tuberculosis, a contagious disease under the law. 

You and all other persons whom it may concern are hereby forbidden to remove 
the same from said place of quarantine for the purpose of slaughter or for any other 
purpose whatsoever, or otherwise to break said quarantine, until the further order 
of the local board of health, the cattle commission, or some one of its members. 

You are notified that until this quarantine is removed said cow is deemed to be 
diseased. You are warned of the danger of using the milk therefrom, and are for- 
))idden to sell or otherwise dispose of it in any market. 

The Commonwealth Avill pay the actual expense of this quarantine which may be 
incurred after the tenth day, upon your returning to the board of cattle commission- 
ers a satisfactory certificate of such exi:)ense. 

[L^se a separate order far each animal.^ 

, Inspector. 

READ THE OTHER SIDE. 

(Note. — Upon the back of tlie form is printed in full the section of the law referred to above, 
relating to cattle quarantine. ) 



200 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Form for milk-store permit, Nbav York City, N. Y. 

Depaktmkn'i' of IlEAi/rn, OiTY OF New York, 

Neir York; , 189.. 

Permit No 

is hereby authorized to sell iiiilk, fresh and condensed, at No , 1 )orough 

of Manhattan, under the laws, rules, and regulations of the board of health of the 
department of health of the city of New York. 

This permit is not transferable to any person or location other than alcove, and 
must be kept posted at all times in a conspicuous place in this store, and is revocable 
at the pleasure of the board. 

By order of the V)oard of health. 

[Signed by the president imd .seorctary.] 

Form for milk'-wagon permit, Ne^w York City, N. Y. 
39 G— 1899. 

Department of IlE.\LTn of the City of New York, 

Borough op Manhattan, 

Permit No •- New York, , 189.. 

residing at , borough of , is hereby authorized to sell fresh and 

condensed milk from wagon No in the city of New York, tmder the laws, 

rules, and regulations of the board of health of the department of health of said city. 
This permit is revocable at the pleasure of the board. 
By order of the board of health. 

, Premdent. 

, Secretary. 

Countersigned: 

[Reverse side.] 

This permit is void if used for any wagon except tlie one designated on the face. 

Driver's name 

Residence 

Borough of 

not transferable. 



Form for notification that license to sell milk must be secured. — Newton, 

IVCass. 

City of Newton, Department op Milk Inspection. 

The public statutes provide (chapter 57, section 4), that all persons before selling 
or offering for sale milk in any store, booth, stand, or market place in any city nmst 
be registered in the books of the milk inspector, and a license fee of fifty cents is 
required. 

As you are reported as engaged in the sale of milk, and not registered, you are 
hereby notified that unless the provisions of tlie statute are complied with forth- 
with you will be complained of and liable to a tine not exceeding twenty dollars. 

Please bring this notice with you. 

Respectfully, - , Impector of Milk. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES, 



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BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 



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MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



203 



Form for notice to milk dealer to display license number on delivery wag-ons . 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

(original.) 



Mr. 



Minneapolis, Minn., , 190. 



You are hereby notified that the law requires your name and location of dairy, 
with number of your city license, upon each vehicle used by you in selling milk. 
Ten days' notice is hereby given you to comply with the law. 

, Commissioner of Health. 

, Inspector. 

Forms for recording data regarding- milk samples in Minnesota. 



[Front.] 


[Baek.] 




STATE DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSION. 


Analysis. 
Analysis No 




Milk from Wagon. 






Specific gravity 




Date, , 189... 


Milk solids 




Time a. m p. m. 


Not fat 




Name on wagon 


Fat 

Ash 




Driver in charge 


Milk sugar 




Locality 


Casein, etc 




Whether marked skimmed milk 


Water.' 




No. of cans on wagon 


Water added 




Samples taken from qt. can. 


Color 




License No 


REMARKS. 




No. on sample 






I5ABCOCK TEST. 




Temp 




Specific gravity 




Fat 




Sample delivered chemist 189. .. 


Class 




, Inspector. 




., Chemist. 



Note.— White cards are used for samples collected from wagons and yellow cards for samples 
collected from stores. 



204 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. 



Form for recording data regarding- milk samples. — ^Worcester, Mass 

[This is printed (iii the two sides of n taR, to he attafhe<l to the sample liottle.] 

City of Wokcestek. 



Milk. 

Agent 

Date 

Time a. m p. in. 

Town or city 

Street 

Name on wagon 

License No 

Driver in charge 

No. cans 

Proprietor of store or restaurant. 



^1 



o Of whom obtained 

^' Time of delivery at store 

Price sold at 

Sample taken from quart can. 

marked ' ' skimmed milk. ' ' 

Other marks 



Duplicate sample sealed and delivered to 

Receipt taken 

Remarks - - 



City of Worcester. Milk Inspector's 
Department, Room 2, City Hall. 

Result of analysis: 

Solids not fat 

Fat 

Total solids 

Water 

Color 

Specific; gravity 

Cream by volume 

Remarks 



Notified by postal of result of test. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 



205 



Form for recording- data regarding milk samples. — Newark, N. J. 

[An exact duplicate of this form is attached to it, one copy to be given to the person from whom the 
sample is takeD, the other to be retained by the officer.] 

Board of Health, Newark, X. J. 

, 189... 

Milk sample No 

Taken at 

Date of taking sample , 189... 

Owner 

Occupation 

Address 

Witness 

Occupation 

Address 

Person sample taken from 

Occupation 

Address 

LACTOMETEI; IKSI-. 

Lactometer reading Temp, readint;: 

Corrected reading 

Sample delivered to 

Chemist of the board of health on. .189. .. 
Remarks 



. , Inspector. 



o 



Form for recording data regarding preliminary inspections of milk, Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Date, Hour, 

Street and number, 

Name of owner, 

Business, 

From whom purchased, 

P. O. address, 



Can 
No. 


Amount 

of 
contents. 


Lactom- 
eter. 


Temper- 
ature. 


Lactom- 
eter 
at 60°. 


Whole 
milk. 


Skimmed 
milk. 


1 

1 


. 










1 
2 1 












3 \ 












4 















No. of inspection 

Mark .. on can, . 

Remarks: 



206 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Form for recording data regarding preliminary inspections of milk, Balti- 
more, Md. 

Health Department. Inspection of Milk 
AT Railkoad Stations. 

Station Date Insjiector 

No. of galls Whole M SkiinM 

Cream 

In can 1 

MarkedJ 

Lact. reads at °F. Action 

Form for notification of the taking of a sample, Ne-wark, N. J. 

Department op Public Health, Newark, N. J., 

To 

Dear Sir: I have taken a sample of milk for analysis from your store, 

street, on this day of , and divided said sample into two parts, and 

placed each part in a suitable vessel, duly sealed and delivered, tendered at the time of 

such taking one part to you, , and in pursuance of the statute in such case 

made and provided (being the act of April 14, 1891) . I deliver to you this statement 
in writing, and state that the cause of said sample having been taken is that the said 
milk contains more than eighty-eight (88) per centum of watery fluids and less than 
twelve (12) per centum of milk solids. 



Milk. Inspector. 

Form for reporting analyses of milk samples, Worcester, Mass. 

[rrinted on postal cards.] 

City of Worcester, Department of Milk Inspection, Room 2, City Hall. 

As per the provisions of chapter 169, acts of 1899, we notify you that the samples 

taken from have shown the following: 

Fat, 

Solids 

Cream by volume, 

Specific gravity, 

Milk Inspector. 

Form to be attached to a can from which milk has been spilled, Balti- 
more, Md. 

By Direction of the Health Dei'artment ok Baltimore City. 

The contents of this can have been examined and found not to accord with require- 
ments of ordinance No. 87, approved May 16, 1894, and have therefore been destroyed 
under the provision of ordinance No. 130, ajjproved July 9, 1894. 

Gallons spilled at station. Date, by , Inspector. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 207 

Form for notice of condemnation of milk and stub for same, Philadelphia, Pa. 

[Stub for blank below.] 

Board of Health, Office of Chief In- 
spector OF Milk. City Hall, Room 
513. 

Philadelphia, , 190... 

No 

quarts (gallons ) of milk con- 
demned in the possession or custody of 



Residence, 

Sample delivered to 

, Chief Inspector of Milk. 

per , Asst. Inspector. 

Board of Health. Office of Chief Inspector of Milk. City Hall, Room 513. 

Philadelpliia, , 190... 

No 

I hereVjy certify that I have this day inspected and condemned quarts 

(gallons ) of milk, in the possession or custody of , place of business, 

, and taken samples of same for examination and proof, one of which I have 

returned to said , as required by ordinance. 

, Chief Inspector of Milk. 

per , Asst. Inspector. 

Form for recording' inspection of milk depots, New Jersey. 

Board of Health of the State of New Jersey. Record op Inspection of Milk 

Depot. 

1. [Date of inspection. ] 2. [Name of place. ] 3. [Name of dealer.] 

4. [Street and number. ] 5. How is the milk stored? 6. How 

are cans, bottles, and utensils washed? 7. Any appliances for sterilizing cans, 

bottles, and utensils? 8. Quantity of milk sold daily 9. Is can kept 

covered? 10. How is milk cooled? 11. Temperature of milk when 

sold 12. Where is the regular supply of milk obtained? 13. When 

short, where is the supply obtained? 14. How many persons handle the 

milk? 15. Are all in good health? 16. Date of last sickness on prem- 
ises 17. Name of disease 18. Source of ice supply 19. Source 

of water supply 20. Was sample taken for analvsis? 21. Marks 

22 

, Signature of Inspector. 

Form for recording- inspection of stores, etc., Fall River, Mass. 

Office of the Board of Health, Fall River, Mass. 

Inspection of Stores, Booths, Stands, etc. 

Where milk is received, held, kept, bottled, canned, stored, or offered for sale by 
Mr , of (Made in accordance with the demands of an ordinance enti- 
tled, "Relating to the sale of milk in the city of Fall River, Mass., and regulation No. 
71 of the board of health of said Fall River.") Location of store, booth, or stand? 



208 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 

Description of store, booth, or stand? Description of bottling or 

canning room? Is license to sell milk conspicuously posted? Approxi- 
mate quantity of milk sold daily? Provision for keeping the milk from con- 
tamination? Condition of receptacle in which milk vessels and measures are 

kept? Condition of milk cans and other vessels used? Condition of 

measures used? General sanitary condition of store? Sanitary condi- 
tion of surroundings? 

SOURCE OF MILK SUPPLY. 

Name. Address. 



NAME AND ADDRESS OF PERSONS TO WHOM MILK IS DELIVERED TO BE RESOLD. 



Inspected, , 18... 

, Jii.spt'iior of 3IUk, for Board of Health. 

Form for record of inspections of ■wagons, etc., Fall River, Mass. 

Office of the Board of Health, Fall River, Mass. 

Inspection of Wagons, VEniCLEs, etc.. 

Used to convey milk, or from which milk is sold or delivered by Mr. .. , of 

(Made in accordance with the demands of an ordinance entitled, " Relating 

to the sale of milk in the city of Fall River, Mass., and regulation No. 71 of the 

board of health of said city." ) Number of license? Is name of licensee and 

number of license painted on wagon according to regulation 71? Is license 

carried on tlie wagon? Name and address of driver of wagon at time of inspec- 
tion? Approximate quantity of milk sold or delivered daily? How 

much, if any, is sold to dealers to be resold? Provision for keeping the milk 

from contamination? Condition of receptacle in which milk vessels and 

measures are kept? Condition of milk cans and other vessels used to hgld 

milk? Condition of milk measures and other utensils? 

source of milk SUPl'LY. 

Name. Address. 



NA.ME AND ADDRESS OF PERSONS TO AVIIOM MILK" IS DELIVERED TO BE RESOLD. 



Inspected ,.,..., 1<S.,, 

, , IiisjHvlui- of Milk, for Board of Health. 



MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDKED CITIES. 209 



Forms for prohibiting and permitting' the use of bottles, Yonkers, N. Y. 

Offuk op the Board of Health, 

Yonkers, N. Y 1S9... 

Mr 

Dear Sir: You are hereby notified that there is a case of in the family 

of , etreet, and that, in pursuance of article 14, section 30, of the sani- 
tary code, you will be required to discontinue the furnishing of receptacles for the 
delivery of milk into said family until you shall have been notified hy this loard 
that the danger from contagion is passed. 

Respectfully, 

, M. D., I'rrsi.icil. 

, 3[ilk Inspector. 

Office of the Board ok IIkai.th, 

Yonkers, N. Y., 189... 

3Ir 

Dear Sir: Permission is hereby given for the delivery of milk into the family 

of , street, in dealers' receptacles, as the danger from contagion on these 

premises has passed. 

Respectfullv, 

, M. I)., I>rr><i>h-nt. 

, Milk Iiisjttctur. 



Form for notification of violation of the la-w, Washington, D. C. 

-Any Dhjt'i'tion to this nolici' slmiild In- i\\v<\ with the health otlic-er bolori' tlic cxiiiration ul' tlic time 
allowcil lor iiiakiiiir the changes si)oi'itu'd. 

No IIkai.th Department, District op Coli'mima. 

Dairy axd Dairy Farm Inspection. 

Washington ISll... 

Mr 

Sir: Your attention is called to the following violations of the regulations for the 
government of dairies and ilairy farms, which have been found to exist upon your 
jn-emises: 



You are here))y notifieil to correct tlie same within days from the date of 

service of this notice. 

Bv order of the healtli otticcr. 



Inspector of Dttiriif ami Dniri/ F<iriiis. 

Fom for -warning against the sale of adulterated milk. Holyoke. Mass. 

City op Holyoke, 
Office op Inspector of Milk, Corner of Main and Mosher Streets, 

No Holyoke, , 190 — . 

You are hereby notified that a sample of marked , recently obtained 

from you was found on analy.«is to be adulterated. You are resiH'ctfully warned that 
the obtaining of another such sample will l>e followed l\v ])rosecution according to 
law. 

Respectfully, yours, 

, IiKxpfclur. 

25839— No. 4f)— OP, 14 



210 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY 



Forms for keeping- the records of the milk inspector's office by the 
"card system," Providence, R. I. 

Time, l>ate, 

MILK I'ROM STOKE. 

Propnotor's name 

No street. 

Milkman Sample from 

Clerk No. on sample can 

Can marked skimmed milk .Seal 

Sample sealed and delivered to Whether measure marked 

Collector Whether at all frozen 

Remarks 



Name, Date, 

Address Anal. No. . . 

Milkman Taken from . . 

Sp. !:'• ^lilk sugar. . 

Fat Casein . . 

Total Acidity. . 

S. N. F Color, etc . . 

Ash 

Remarks 



No Name 

Place of l)nsiness 

Store Uakery Restaurant Lunch cart . 

Milkmen 



Quantity Aveek day Sunday Time delivered 

Whether cream is sold Whether skimmed milk is sold 

The undersigned hereby makes application that his name be recordeil in the 
inspector of milk's book as a milk dealer in the city of Providence, for the year 
ending February 1, 1901. 



Signed 
By ... 



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LEFe'OT 






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HECKMAN 

BINDERY INC. 



